Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
 5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-2 (NQO2) has been prepared using an Escherichia coli expression method. NQO2 is thought to be an isoform of DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) [also referred to as NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase] because there is a 49% identity between their amino acid sequences. The present investigation has revealed that like DT-diaphorase, NQO2 is a dimer enzyme with one FAD prosthetic group per subunit. Interestingly, NQO2 uses dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) rather than NAD(P)H as an electron donor. It catalyzes a two-electron reduction of quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. One-electron acceptors, such as potassium ferricyanide, cannot be reduced by NQO2. This enzyme also catalyzes a four-electron reduction, using methyl red as the electron acceptor. The NRH-methyl red reductase activity of NQO2 is 11 times the NADH-methyl red reductase activity of DT-diaphorase. In addition, through a four-electron reduction reaction, NQO2 can catalyze nitroreduction of cytotoxic compound CB 1954 [5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide]. NQO2 is 3000 times more effective than DT-diaphorase in the reduction of CB 1954. Therefore, NQO2 is a NRH-dependent oxidoreductase which catalyzes two- and four-electron reduction reactions. NQO2 is resistant to typical inhibitors of DT-diaphorase, such as dicumarol, Cibacron blue, and phenindone. Flavones are inhibitors of NQO2. However, structural requirements of flavones for the inhibition of NQO2 are different from those for DT-diaphorase. The most potent flavone inhibitor tested so far is quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-. 6pentahydroxyflavone). It has been found that quercetin is a competitive inhibitor with respect to NRH (Ki = 21 nM). NQO2 is 43 amino acids shorter than DT-diaphorase, and it has been suggested that the carboxyl terminus of DT-diaphorase plays a role in substrate binding (S. Chen et al., Protein Sci. 3, 51-57, 1994). In order to understand better the basis of catalytic differences between NQO2 and DT-diaphorase, a human NQO2 with 43 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of human DT-diaphorase (i.e., hNQO2-hDT43) has been prepared. hNQO2-hDT43 still uses NRH as an electron donor. In addition, the chimeric enzyme is inhibited by quercetin but not dicumarol. These results suggest that additional region(s) in these enzymes is involved in differentiating NRH from NAD(P)H.
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PMID:Catalytic properties of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 (NQO2), a dihydronicotinamide riboside dependent oxidoreductase. 936 28

We describe a series of indolequinones as efficient mechanism-based inhibitors of NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) for use either in cellular or cell-free systems. Compounds were designed to be reduced in the active site of the enzyme leading to loss of a substituted phenol leaving group and generation of a reactive iminium electrophile. Inhibition of NQO2 activity was assessed in both cell-free systems and the human leukemia K562 cell line. Inhibition of recombinant human NQO2 by the indolequinones was NRH-dependent, with kinetic parameters characteristic of mechanism-based inhibition and partition ratios as low as 2.0. Indolequinones inhibited NQO2 activity in K562 cells at nanomolar concentrations that did not inhibit NQO1 and were nontoxic to cells. Computation-based molecular modeling simulations demonstrated favorable conformations of indolequinones positioned directly above and in parallel with the isoalloxazine ring of FAD, and mass spectrometry extended our previous finding of adduction of the FAD in the active site of NQO2 by an indolequinone-derived iminium electrophile to the wider series of indolequinone inhibitors. Modeling combined with biochemical testing identified key structural parameters for effective inhibition, including a 5-aminoalkylamino side chain. Hydrogen bonding of the terminal amine nitrogen in the aminoalkylamino side chain was found to be critical for the correct orientation of the inhibitors in the active site. These indolequinones were irreversible inhibitors and were found to be at least 1 order of magnitude more potent than any previously documented competitive inhibitors of NQO2 and represent the first mechanism-based inhibitors of NQO2 to be characterized in cellular systems.
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PMID:Indolequinone inhibitors of NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2. Characterization of the mechanism of inhibition in both cell-free and cellular systems. 2171 50