Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D01817 (Iohexol)
 504 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study the attention was focused on the possible application of the new low-osmolar water-soluble contrast media in already existing routines for radiologic diagnostic work-up and management of the abdominal emergencies of simple intestinal obstruction and ischemia: Iohexol was a good, or better, alternative to sodium diatrizoate regarding taste acceptance and patient reactions: Seventy-five per cent of patients characterized the taste of iohexol as good or neutral, while 52% gave sodium diatrizoate similar scores. The scores were also consistently in favor of iohexol as compared with sodium diatrizoate for the other chosen criteria; nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, but a larger number of patients may be needed for conclusive evaluation. Water-soluble media may have therapeutic effects on intestinal obstruction when preceded by conventional gastric suction using a short gastric tube: Twenty-three of 25 patients with subtotal small bowel obstruction due to peritoneal adhesions improved following the ingestion of either iohexol or sodium diatrizoate. Hyperosmolar contrast media might stimulate peristalsis and dilute the bowel contents, hence, easing the passage through a subtotally obstructed bowel. In rats, a direct relationship was found between contrast medium osmolality and the degree of intestinal distension, fluid influx to the bowel lumen and the speed of contrast medium progression. The water-soluble, low-osmolar contrast media seem promising as diagnostic aids in examination of the gastrointestinal tract: The low-osmolar contrast media gave better intestinal details on films than both barium sulphate and sodium diatrizoate in rats with intestinal obstruction or ischemia when high volumes of radiopaques were employed. Also in patients iohexol retained its radiographic density in the small bowel better than sodium diatrizoate. The diagnostic efficacy of the water-soluble radiographic media varied directly with their osmolality and the resulting fluid influx to bowel lumen. Hyperosmolality stimulated contrast medium progression and bowel distension, and reduced the radiographic density of the contrast media and the alignment to the bowel wall. Water-soluble contrast media may aid the diagnosis of bowel ischemia and the evaluation of the degree of ischemic injury: No bladder opacification, following absorption of water-soluble contrast media from the simply obstructed bowel, was observed in the majority of the animals and was only faintly present in 8%. Distinct radiographic opacification of the urinary bladder in rats with intestinal ischemia was demonstrated as early as 1-2 hours after the administration of contrast medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Water-soluble contrast media in obstructed in ischemic small intestine. A clinical and experimental study. 264 49

An increased incidence of thromboembolic events has been associated with nonionic contrast media. Although it has been demonstrated that nonionic contrast media cause significant platelet activation in vitro, there is no reported evidence of contrast-induced platelet activation in vivo. This study investigated the effect of a nonionic contrast agent, iohexol (Omnipaque), versus an ionic contrast agent, diatrizoate meglumine+diatrizoate sodium (MD-76), on both in vitro and in vivo platelet activity. Blood from normal subjects (n = 12) was incubated in vitro for 15 to 60 seconds with varying proportions of contrast media or saline solution, and analyzed by flow cytometry for markers of platelet degranulation (P-selectin) and platelet GPIIb-IIIa receptor activation (PAC-1). In vivo activation after Omnipaque was measured in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization in peripheral blood before and after contrast (n = 5), and in coronary sinus blood before and after left coronary injections (n = 8). In vitro data showed that Omnipaque incubated for 60 seconds with whole blood at ratios of 1:1 resulted in a greater percentage of platelets expressing P-selectin (median/range) than did MD-76 (68%/38% to 90% vs 17%/1% to 53%, respectively, p < 0.01). Similarly at a contrast: blood ratio of 1:3, Omnipaque caused greater P-selectin expression than did MD-76 (49%/19% to 83% vs 3%/0% to 5%, respectively, p < 0.05). There was no significant increase in platelet degranulation observed with concentrations of contrast more dilute than 1:3. In addition, there was significantly less activation seen even at contrast:blood ratios of 1:1 when exposure time was < 60 seconds (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media on in vitro and in vivo platelet activation. 748 62

Six widely used X-ray contrast media (XRC) were tested against nine commonly isolated organisms to determine the practicality of using XRC to outline body spaces prior to obtaining specimens for culture and to assess the feasibility of using XRC in divided doses to reduce cost. Preparations of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus milleri in two approximate concentrations of 10(4) and 10(8) colony forming units/mL (cfu/mL) were inoculated into the following XRC: Conray 280, Hexabrix 320, lopamiro 370, Omnipaque 350, Ultravist 300 and Optiray 320 each in two concentrations. Sampling was performed in triplicate at 0, 2, 4 and 20 h with the 20 h counts made after exposure at both 22 degrees C and 4 degrees C. There were 16 significant interactions, predominantly with the Gram-negative organisms. Conray 280 produced the greatest number of effects. Most effects were bacteriostatic. Organisms were most susceptible at low concentration and after prolonged contact with XRC. No effect was seen with dilute XRC. All weekly sterility checks were negative. Non-ionic XRC have no significant effect on the growth of Gram-positive organisms and little effect on Gram-negative organisms if processing is performed promptly. Using standard aseptic technique, no contamination of XRC occurred, suggesting multi-dosing may be a safe and cost-effective method of XRC utilization.
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PMID:The effects of X-ray contrast media on bacterial growth. 769 17

Previous dye-infusion experiments on cadavers have suggested that the hindfoot should be divided into four muscle compartments including a newly described 'calcaneal' element containing quadratus plantae. Since there are no clinical data to support this proposed division, we re-examined the validity of the infusion experiment. We made infusions of dilute Omnipaque at a constant rate into flexor digitorum brevis of four cadaver feet. We monitored the spread of the infusate by real-time CT imaging and measured the pressures at the infusion site by side-ported needles. In all feet, the barrier between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae became incompetent at pressures of less than 10 mmHg. Pressure gradients in this range cannot be expected to affect tissue perfusion significantly and independently generate compartment syndromes. These results do not confirm those of previous studies carried out by uncontrolled and unmonitored injections made by hand. Injection studies in cadaver limbs can give dramatically different results depending upon the assumptions made when designing the experiment. The technique cannot adequately act as a model of the physiology of the compartment syndrome. As the existence of a physiologically significant compartmental boundary between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae is based solely on a cadaver infusion experiment the presence of a 'calcaneal' compartment has not been confirmed.
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PMID:The compartments of the foot revisited. Rethinking the validity of cadaver infusion experiments. 1128 74