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Query: KEGG:D01453 (caffeine)
 21,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aged Rhesus monkeys and young control monkeys were tested in a delayed-response procedure to assess the effects of central-nervous-system (CNS) stimulants on short-term memory (STM). Previous research had established that the aged monkeys showed specific impairments of STM in this procedure. Four different CNS stimulants (methylphenidate, magnesium pemoline, a pentylenetetrazole/niacin mixture, and caffeine) were chosen for evaluation on the basis of their relevancy to current geriatric-psychopharmacologic research. Four different doses of each of the four CNS stimulants were given to each monkey, counter-balanced for possible order effects. Methylphenidate and caffeine impaired the performance of both age groups in this non-human primate cognitive task, even at relatively low dose levels. Magnesium pemoline produced fewer adverse effects and some evidence of improving STM in the aged monkeys, although not within the levels of statistical significance. The pentylenetetrazole/niacin mixture produced a three-way interaction involving age, dose and retention interval. This reflected the fact that although no definite effects were noted under the zero-sec control condition, statistically significant age-related deficits did occur in the STM-dependent retention interval as the dose varied. The data demonstrate that, of these four CNS stimulants, none radily improves (and often may impair) performance of tasks requiring STM. Thus the results of this study offer little support for the hypothesis that general CNS stimulation may constitute significant therapy for cognitive impairments associated with advanced age.
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PMID:Four stimulants of the central nervous system: effects on short-term memory in young versus aged monkeys. 3 23

Coffee as a rule develops stimulating effects on the central nervous system, heart and circulation which are mainly caused by caffeine. In certain cases coffee may also have a sedative effect and sometimes even it is useful to fall asleep quickly. Furthermore coffee may be advantageous in the treatment of some functional disorders caused by lacking of dopamine, because coffee is able to increase the dopamine formation in brain. Concerning the effects of coffee in the gastrointestinal-tract and liver-bile system caffeine is only of secondary importance. Hereby certain roasting substances, possibly also chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid should be responsible for the stimulating effects observed in these organs. These stimulating effects could be caused whether directly or indirect e.g. by liberating gastrin or other gastrointestinal hormones. Vitamin niacin, which is formed in greater amounts from trigonelline during the roasting process, may also be important from the nutritional standpoint. Therefore coffee may be prescribed as a true drug in cases of deficiency in vitamin niacin or also in the pellagra disease. By extensive epidemiological studies performed lately it could be demonstrated that there exists no correlation between coffee consumption and certain risk factors as hypertension, heart infarction, diabetes, gout or cancer diseases. Furthermore there was no evidence that coffee or its caffeine content are able to induce genetic alterations or even malformations.
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PMID:[Coffee and health]. 60 27

Thirty years of clinical experimentation has led to a successful therapy for advanced cancer. This therapy is based on the concepts (1) that cancer patients have low immuno-reactivity and generalized tissue damage, especially of the liver, and (2) that when the cancer is destroyed, toxic degradation products appear in the bloodstream which lead to coma and death from liver failure. The therapy consists of high potassium, low sodium diet, with no fats or oils, and minimal animal proteins. Juices of raw fruits and vegetables and of raw liver provide active oxidizing enzymes which facilitate rehabilitation of the liver. Iodine and niacin supplementation is used. Caffeine enemas cause dilation of bile ducts, which facilitates excretion of toxic cancer breakdown products by the liver and dialysis of toxic products from blood across the colonic wall. The therapy must be used as an integrated whole. Parts of the therapy used in isolation will not be successful. This therapy has cured many cases of advanced cancer.
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PMID:The cure of advanced cancer by diet therapy: a summary of 30 years of clinical experimentation. 75 Oct 79

The toxicity of CB 1954 [5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide] towards human cells was greatly enhanced by NADH (when foetal calf serum was present in the culture medium) and by nicotinamide riboside (reduced) (NRH), but not by nicotinate riboside (reduced). Co-treatment of human cells with CB 1954 and NADH resulted in the formation of crosslinks in their DNA. The toxicity produced by other DNA crosslinking agents was unaffected by reduced nicotinamide compounds. When caffeine was included in the medium, a reduction in the cytotoxicity of CB 1954 occurred. The toxicity experienced by human cell lines after exposure to CB 1954 and NADH was proportional to their levels of the enzyme DT diaphorase NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.6.99.2. It is concluded that NRH, which we have shown to be a co-factor for rat DT diaphorase (Friedlos et al., Biochem Pharmacol 44: 25-31, 1992), is generated from NADH by enzymes in foetal calf serum, and stimulates the activity of human DT diaphorase towards CB 1954.
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PMID:Potentiation of CB 1954 cytotoxicity by reduced pyridine nucleotides in human tumour cells by stimulation of DT diaphorase activity. 144 31

This study assessed the nutrient intakes of 203 female college students, aged 20-31 years, mean 21 years. Results from computer analysis of 3-day food records showed that, on the basis of group means, two thirds of Recommended Daily Allowance (RDAs) was met for all nutrients except iron, zinc, folacin and vitamin D. Nutrient intake and RDAs showed no significant differences related to marital status with the exception of vitamin D and manganese (p less than 0.05). The indexes of Nutritional Quality indicated that, on average, diets of the students met or exceeded nutrient density allowance for protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and phosphorus. Nutrients for which the average female student consumption was below recommended standards on a calorie basis, were carbohydrates, fat, vitamin D, folacin, calcium, iron, zinc and sodium. The diets were limited in fibre, high in sugar, high in caffeine and slightly above recommendations in cholesterol. Female college students needed guidance in selecting nutrient dense foods. Attention in nutrition education programmes should be directed toward the individual student rather than the group.
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PMID:Nutrient intakes of university women in Kuwait. 162 72

The coffee bean contains about 1% of trigonelline that is demethylated at temperatures approaching 200 degrees C; it is partially converted into nicotinic acid. This operation is mainly proportional to the severity of dry heat treatment; various other physico-chemical factors also influence the synthesis of niacin during the roasting. The niacin content of weakly roasted commercial coffee is about 10 mg/100 g (American coffee) and it reaches 40 mg in heavy roasted coffees, i.e. Italian coffee. Caffeine-free coffee is lower in niacin than the corresponding raw coffee. The drinking retains 85% of the niacin formed during roasting; it is totally available for the organism and can constitute a noticeable part of the daily supply in niacin.
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PMID:Synthesis and availability of niacin in roasted coffee. 189 6

A rapid, simple, and reliable liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide (niacinamide), thiamine, riboflavin, riboflavin sodium phosphate, pyridoxine, caffeine, and sodium benzoate in commercial oral liquid tonics. The 7 components are separated on a reverse phase C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.01M potassium dihydrogen phosphate-triethylamine (8 + 91.5 + 0.5 v/v/v) containing 5mM sodium octanesulfonate and adjusted to pH 2.8 with phosphoric acid. Components are detected at 254 nm with attenuation 0.02 AUFS. Acetanilide is used as an internal standard. In addition to the 7 components mentioned, nicotinic acid (niacin), cyanocobalamin, and folic acid are also separated under the same conditions. Sample preparation involves only addition to internal standard solution and dilution with mobile phase and then filtration. Recoveries of the 7 components and cyanocobalamin from spiked preparations ranged from 97 to 104% with coefficients of variation of 0.9-4.2%.
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PMID:Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of water-soluble vitamins, caffeine, and preservative in oral liquid tonics. 270 72

A biophysically based kinetic model of chemical absorption via human skin was developed and applied to the penetration kinetics of 12 chemicals: aspirin, benzoic acid, benzyl nicotinate, caffeine, chloramphenicol, colchicine, dinitrochlorobenzene, diethyltoluamide, malathion, methyl nicotinate, nitrobenzene, and salicylic acid. The pharmacokinetic model is linear and includes four first-order rate constants: (1) k1 describes penetrant diffusion through the stratum corneum; (2) k2 relates to further transport across the viable epidermal tissue to the cutaneous blood vessels; (3) k3 is a parameter which delays the partitioning of penetrant at the stratum corneum-viable tissue interface and, in conjunction with k2, reflects the penetrant's relative affinity for the stratum corneum over the viable tissue; and (4) k4 characterizes the elimination rate of chemical from blood to urine. Previously determined diffusion coefficients and molecular weight corrections were used to estimate k1 and k2; k4 values employed were those measured experimentally. Urinary excretion rate data following topical administration were simulated and k3 was estimated for each penetrant by optimizing the fit of the model to the data points. Ratios of k3/k2 should be related to the partition coefficients for the chemicals between stratum corneum and viable tissue and it was shown that these ratios agreed reasonably well with the corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients. This approach may have potential for predicting the general percutaneous absorption kinetics of chemicals based on recognized cutaneous biology and penetrant molecular weight and lipophilicity.
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PMID:Percutaneous absorption in man: a kinetic approach. 403 64

Beaton et al (Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2546-59) reported on the partitioning of variance in 1-day dietary data for the intake of energy, protein, total carbohydrate, total fat, classes of fatty acids, cholesterol, and alcohol. Using the same food intake data and the expanded National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute food composition data base, these analyses of sources of variance have been expanded to include classes of carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, total ash, caffeine, and crude fiber. The analyses relate to observed intakes (replicated six times) of 30 adult males and 30 adult females obtained under a paired Graeco-Latin square design with sequence of interview, interviewer, and day of the week as determinants. Neither sequence nor interviewer made consistent contribution to variance. In females, day of the week had a significant effect for several nutrients. The major partitioning of variance was between interindividual variation (between subjects) and intraindividual variation (within subjects) which included both true day-to-day variation in intake and methodological variation. For all except caffeine, the intraindividual variability of 1-day data was larger than the interindividual variability. For vitamin A, almost all of the variance was associated with day-to-day variability. One day data provide a very inadequate estimate of usual intake of individuals. In the design of nutrition studies it is critical that the intended use of dietary data be a major consideration in deciding on methodology. There is no "ideal" dietary method. There may be preferred methods for particular purposes.
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PMID:Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. 684 42

The author hypothesized that existing agents known to influence serotonin blood level, vascular tone, and inflammatory reactions might terminate migraines. The author presented the rationale for using five different agents therapeutically and avoiding two other agents during a migraine. The proposed treatment is to use low doses of tryptophan, niacin, calcium, caffeine, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) soon after migraine symptoms are noticed and to avoid during a migraine high-potassium food and magnesium supplements. Preliminary results from 12 migraine patients indicated that 9 of 12 (75%) had significant benefit from this approach. Using these five agents together is a novel combination and a new idea for treating migraines.
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PMID:Hypothesized treatment for migraines using low doses of tryptophan, niacin, calcium, caffeine, and acetylsalicylic acid. 1113 61


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