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Query: KEGG:D01453 (caffeine)
 21,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The current state of knowledge in regard to nutritional requirements for pregnant and lactating women and for women who are taking oral contraceptives is reviewed. During pregnancy caloric intake should be moderately increased, and the consumption of 30-60 mg of iron and 800-1200 mg of calcium is recommended. Phosphorus intake should also be increased, but this increase should be balanced by a corresponding increase in calcium intake. Consumption of vitamins A and D should be increased but excessive increases should be avoided. Vitamin E should be slightly increased. The desirability of increasing vitamin K is till a matter of dispute. Pregnant women have a slightly increased need for most water soluble vitamins. Research has adequately demonstrated the need to increase folic acid and B6 consumption. There is some evidence that iodine, chromium, and zinc deficiencies may be teratogenic. Some care should be taken not to overconsume sodium, but the need for stringest restriction is unwarranted. Heavy consumption of alcohol and caffeine should definitely be discouraged during pregnancy. Certain problems experienced by pregnant women, such as nausea, may be managed through nutritional modification. The increased nutritional needs for lactating women can, in most cases, be met by increasing milk consumption by 3-3 1/2 cup/day and by consuming a well balanced diet. The content of maternal milk may to some extent be altered by the consumption patterns of the mothers. Ingestion of certain drugs and chemicals may also alter maternal milk. The use of oral contraceptives apparently affects metabolism, but the consequences of these effects are largely unknown. Oral contraceptive usage generally increases the serum levels of triglycerides, iron, copper, and vitamin A and reduces levels of some B vitamins of vitamin C and of zinc and albumin. These effects vary from woman to woman and at the present time there is no agreement on the need for dietary supplementation. The effects of a variety of drugs on lactating women and the effects of oral contraceptive usage on nutritional status are presented in tabular form.
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PMID:Nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and oral contraception. 25 28

Use of vitamin supplements and the association with personal characteristics were investigated among 4,654 American men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. A total of 58 percent of the subjects who were ages 68 to 90 took vitamin supplements. Among supplement users, multivitamins were most commonly used (77 percent), followed by vitamin C (53 percent), E (43 percent), and A (10 percent). Ninety-two percent of users took at least seven pills per week when all types of pills were combined. Vitamin supplement users were more educated, more physically active, more likely to be married, and less obese than nonusers. They also slept less, smoked less, and drank less alcohol and caffeine. They took more analgesics and stomach medication and had fewer days of hospitalization in the previous 10 years compared with nonusers. Except for physical activity, use of stomach medicines, and hospitalization, the other characteristics were also positively correlated with the amount of vitamin pill intake. These findings indicate that vitamin supplement users have different health patterns compared with nonusers.
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PMID:Vitamin supplement use and its correlates among elderly Japanese men residing on Oahu, HI. 145 84

Recent diet, teenage physical activity and teenage calcium consumption were examined as risk factors for hip fracture in a case-control study. Cases were 161 white women admitted to one of 30 participating hospitals with a first hip fracture. Controls included 168 white women from general and orthopedic surgical services frequency-matched to cases by age group and hospital. Information on exposure to possible risk factors was obtained by in-person interview. No association was found between recent intake of calcium, phosphorus, protein, vitamin C or caffeine and hip fracture. Also, teenage calcium intake and milk drinking were not related to hip fracture risk. Recreational activities in adolescence and early adulthood appeared to afford protection against hip fracture. The highest quartile of recreational activity (greater than or equal to 4 times/week) was associated with an odds ratio of 0.24 (95% confidence interval 0.08-0.75) relative to the lowest quartile (less than 1 time/week).
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PMID:A case-control study of hip fracture: evaluation of selected dietary variables and teenage physical activity. 162 98

This study assessed the nutrient intakes of 203 female college students, aged 20-31 years, mean 21 years. Results from computer analysis of 3-day food records showed that, on the basis of group means, two thirds of Recommended Daily Allowance (RDAs) was met for all nutrients except iron, zinc, folacin and vitamin D. Nutrient intake and RDAs showed no significant differences related to marital status with the exception of vitamin D and manganese (p less than 0.05). The indexes of Nutritional Quality indicated that, on average, diets of the students met or exceeded nutrient density allowance for protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and phosphorus. Nutrients for which the average female student consumption was below recommended standards on a calorie basis, were carbohydrates, fat, vitamin D, folacin, calcium, iron, zinc and sodium. The diets were limited in fibre, high in sugar, high in caffeine and slightly above recommendations in cholesterol. Female college students needed guidance in selecting nutrient dense foods. Attention in nutrition education programmes should be directed toward the individual student rather than the group.
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PMID:Nutrient intakes of university women in Kuwait. 162 72

One common nutrient postulated to be protective against osteoporosis, hypertension, and colon cancer is dietary calcium. We report here nutrient patterns by calcium intake in older adult residents of a geographically defined community in Southern California. The analysis included all 426 men and 531 women aged 50-79 y with complete 24-h diet data. Nutrient-density-adjusted calcium intake was divided into tertiles: low intake (less than 284 mg/1000 kcal), mid intake (284-440 mg/1000 kcal), and high intake (greater than 440 mg/1000 kcal). The distribution of the reported 24-h nutrient density of protein, fat, fiber, caffeine, trace minerals, vitamin D, and vitamin C was examined in relation to the calcium-intake tertiles. In both men and women, the adjusted intakes of protein, saturated fatty acids, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus were significantly higher in the high-calcium-intake group than in the low- and mid-calcium-intake groups. In both men and women, alcohol intake was significantly lower in the high-calcium-intake group. Studies postulating a protective role for calcium will need to consider the multicolinearity in the Western diet.
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PMID:Calcium intake: covariates and confounders. 184 36

The role of caffeine or coffee in causing or promoting the incidence of serious disease is equivocal. Two design factors may account for the discrepancies in reported findings on the effects of coffee drinking: (a) imprecision of measurement and (b) confounding variables. A study of 2,714 white U.S. adults disclosed that, of 32 risk factors analyzed by linear and logistic regression, only sex and cigarette smoking were found to be important potential confounders of caffeine and coffee intake. Partial R2 values of the other 30 risk factors were relatively small and were inconsistent for each sex. It is unlikely that any of these factors could explain any of the reported associations between caffeine or coffee consumption and certain diseases. However, certain weak associations with caffeine or coffee intake should be included in the study design when they are known to be risk factors of a disease under investigation. These factors for men are dietary fat intake, vitamin C intake, and body mass index; and for women are vitamin use, alcohol intake, stress, and perceived health status.
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PMID:Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease. 340 86

Pediatric drugs may have significant nutritional consequences via their effects on appetite, nutrient absorption, nutrient metabolism, and nutrient excretion. Examples of common drugs and effects on nutrition include the inhibition of vitamin C storage by aspirin; impairment of folic acid utilization by phenobarbital; phenylalanine accumulation by trimethoprim; and lipolysis caused by caffeine. Nutritional consequences of drugs are of greater clinical significance in children who are malnourished and in those on drugs for prolonged periods. It is important that physicians consider possible deleterious consequences of drugs in making therapeutic choices.
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PMID:Nutritional consequences of drugs used in pediatrics. 400 51

1. Aminopyrine strongly inhibits NADPH-induced lipid peroxide formation in rat liver microsomes, but ascorbate-induced peroxidation is inhibited to a smaller extent. 2. Aminopyrine oxidation is stimulated by Mg(2+) but inhibited by Ca(2+). Concentrated solutions (10mm) of iron-chelating agents inhibit aminopyrine oxidation, but the more dilute solutions (0.5mm) of chelators that block lipid peroxide formation do not inhibit aminopyrine oxidation. Microsomes prepared from sucrose-EDTA homogenates rapidly oxidize aminopyrine, but do not form lipid peroxide when incubated with ascorbate or NADPH. 3. Aminopyrine oxidation is strongly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, less by iodoacetamide and weakly by N-ethylmaleimide. The site of action of these compounds is considered to be a ferredoxin-type protein. GSH and cysteine also inhibit. 4. Other drugs oxidized by microsomes such as caffeine, phenobarbitone and hexobarbitone had either no or little effect on lipid peroxide formation, but codeine inhibited. 5. Most aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes did not affect lipid peroxide formation, but chloroform and carbon tetrachloride inhibited. 6. Many aromatic compounds inhibited lipid peroxide formation. Only aromatic acids were without any effect and phenols and amines were very strong inhibitors. 7. Induction of lipid peroxide formation in microsomes by incubation with ascorbate or NADPH or by treatment with ionizing radiation leads to a sharp decline in the ability of microsomes to oxidize aminopyrine or hydroxylate aniline. 8. It is considered that the two processes of hydroxylation and lipid peroxide formation are closely linked in microsomes. They probably depend on the same electron-transport chain, and peroxide formation, which involves membrane disintegration, may be part of the normal membrane remodelling process.
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PMID:Lipid peroxide formation in microsomes. Relationship of hydroxylation to lipid peroxide formation. 439 Jan 3

The promoting effects of various chemicals on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) were studied. Male Fischer 344 rats were given BBN at 0.01% or 0.05% in their drinking-water for four weeks. One of the following chemicals was then administered in the diet for 32 or 34 weeks: acetazolamide, allopurinol, phenobarbital, phenacetin, ortho-phenylphenol, sodium ortho-phenylphenate, diphenyl, sodium L-ascorbate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sodium saccharin, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, stevioside, DL-tryptophan, quercetin, caffeine, nicotine and hippuric acid. Phenacetin, sodium ortho-phenylphenate, sodium L-ascorbate and butylated hydroxyanisole were significant promoters of urinary bladder neoplasia in rats initiated with BBN. Sodium saccharin, diphenyl, butylated hydroxytoluene, allopurinol, and DL-tryptophan caused moderate or slight promotion of neoplastic changes in the experimental animals. No change in tumour yield was observed after administration of the other chemicals.
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PMID:Drugs, food additives and natural products as promoters in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. 653 4

Nutritional management of the allergic athlete centers around providing a diet adequate to meet the increased needs of the athlete at the same time that it is modified by the exclusion of any problematic foods. The athlete has an increased need for water, total energy, carbohydrate, B vitamins, and perhaps protein, the last two of which are usually met when the diet fulfills the energy requirements of the athlete. Requirements for electrolytes are minimally increased, and the need for additional iron is unclear in light of "sports anemia." There is no evidence to support the use of vitamins C and E as ergogenic aids; however, the findings relating vitamin C to bronchospasm and bronchial hyperreactivity are interesting. Caffeine and bee pollen, often believed to increase performance, may be harmful for the allergic athlete. An approach for determining the problematic foods for the allergic athlete and necessary supplementation when they are avoided is given.
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PMID:Nutrition and the allergic athlete. 671 37


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