Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D01398 (Dermatol)
 262,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over the past 6 years sixty-eight patients have been treated with 1% or 3% 4-isopropylcatechol (4-IPC). Fifty-four had melasma, the others a variety of disorders of pigmentation. Two-thirds of the patients were significantly improved. Twenty patients had skin irritation due to 4-IPC and four developed an allergic contact dermatitis. One patient developed confetti-like areas of depigmentation in the 4-IPC-treated areas. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that in the 4-IPC-treated areas there was a loss and damage of the melanocytes, but the keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were unaffected. Melanosomal complexes containing many melanosomes were frequently found in the keratinocytes of the 4-IPC-treated negro skin. 4-Isopropylcatechol is a potent depigmenting agent and is of use in the topical therapy of selected patients with hypermelanosis. However, like other substituted phenols and hydroquinone it is irritant to the skin and should be used with caution.
Br J Dermatol 1976 Jun
PMID:The treatment of hypermelanosis with 4-isopropylcatechol. 94 61

Oral retinoic acid has been therapeutically beneficial for three patients with congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and one with congenital bullous ichthyosifrom erythroderma. Response to therapy was slow but definite with suppression of scale formation, marked reduction of painful cracking of the underlying epidermis and disappearance of skin irritation. Side effects have not occurred. Therapy had to be maintained to prevent recurrence of symptoms.
Br J Dermatol 1975 Mar
PMID:Oral retinoic acid as therapy for congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. 109 28

Skin irritation induced by tretinoin is commonly observed, whereas allergic contact dermatitis to this drug is very rarely found in the literature. We report the case of a 34-year-old man who developed contact dermatitis in areas where a topical tretinoin preparation was applied. Patch tests were positive to tretinoin in low concentration and to isotretinoin. Oral administration of isotretinoin to this patient would carry a risk of systemic complications.
Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992
PMID:[Eczema caused by contact allergy to tretinoin]. 129 78

Skin absorption of benzoyl peroxide from a topical lotion containing freely dispersed drug was compared with that from the same lotion in which the drug was entrapped in a controlled-release styrene-divinylbenzene polymer system. In an in vitro diffusion system, statistically significant (p = 0.01) differences were found in the content of benzoyl peroxide in excised human skin and in percutaneous absorption. In vivo, significantly (p = 0.002) less benzoyl peroxide was absorbed through rhesus monkey skin from the polymeric system. This controlled release of benzoyl peroxide to skin can alter the dose relation that exists between efficacy and skin irritation. Corresponding studies showed reduced skin irritation in cumulative irritancy studies in rabbits and human beings, whereas in vivo human antimicrobial efficacy studies showed that application of the formulations containing entrapped benzoyl peroxide significantly reduced counts of Propionibacterium acnes (p less than 0.001) and aerobic bacteria (p less than 0.001) and the free fatty acid/triglyceride ratio in skin lipids. These findings support the hypothesis that, at least for this drug, controlled topical delivery can enhance safety without sacrificing efficacy.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1991 May
PMID:Controlled release of benzoyl peroxide from a porous microsphere polymeric system can reduce topical irritancy. 186 43

Dithranol-induced skin irritation and the modulatory effects of different pharmacological agents were studied using the mouse ear model. A single topical application of dithranol caused a dose-dependent skin irritation which resulted in delayed swelling of the mouse ear with two separate peak responses, 1-2 and 6-10 days after application. The irritation was most effectively and persistently inhibited by topical treatment with corticosteroids, the free radical scavenger DL-alpha-tocopherol (DLAT) and the serotonin antagonist metergoline. The effect of corticosteroids, however, was slightly diminished during the second peak irritation. The lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the dual lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor tolfenamic acid and the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin as well as trifluoperazine retained their inhibitory activity. Of these compounds, indomethacin was active only during the first irritation peak, NDGA during both peaks and trifluoperazine principally during the second peak. Retinoic acid did not inhibit the ear swelling. The results confirm and extend the observations that the formation of free radicals is essential for dithranol inflammation. The inflammation can also be suppressed by inhibiting the formation of arachidonic acid or its pro-inflammatory metabolites.
Arch Dermatol Res 1991
PMID:Characteristics and modulation of dithranol (anthralin)-induced skin irritation in the mouse ear model. 192 45

This study was designed to determine the prevalence and type of peristomal skin complications in ileostomy and colostomy patients. The influence of sex, race, age, and stoma location as possible risk factors for developing these conditions was examined. A chart review in combination with a telephone survey was conducted. The population included all ileostomy and colostomy patients (362) who had their procedure between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1985 at the Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. Ninety-three patients were ultimately surveyed. There were 58 ileostomy and 35 colostomy cases. This study concluded that there may be a direct relationship between age and peristomal skin problems; gender is not a risk factor for acquiring these conditions in ileostomy (p greater than 0.7) or colostomy (p greater than 0.3) patients; most patients seek the enterostomal therapist for treatment of peristomal skin problems; and the most common peristomal skin condition is minor to moderate skin irritation with redness. It is recommended that both the health professional managing the ostomy patients, and the ostomy patients themselves, receive more education concerning the techniques and the importance of proper stoma care. Future studies examining the role of the dermatologist with regard to these problems are recommended.
Int J Dermatol 1990 Mar
PMID:Dermatologic complications in colostomy and ileostomy patients. 218 51

The efficacy of topical aluminium chloride hexahydrate 20% W/W ethanol (ACH) in the treatment symptomatic palmar hyperhidrosis was studied in 12 patients. A half-sided control single blind (assessor blind) study was done. Patients applied ACH on one palm daily for 4 weeks. The response to treatment was measured objectively with an evaporimeter. There was significant fall of skin water vapor loss (SVL) on treated palms compared with untreated palms. The basal mean SVL of treated palms and untreated palms were 79.9 and 77.9 g water/m2/h, respectively (n.s.). The mean SVLs of treated vs. untreated palms at week 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 66.4 vs. 79.7 (p less than 0.05), 56.6 vs. 72.2 (p less than 0.001), 58.2 vs. 72.5 (p = 0.1), and 51.4 vs. 72.7 (p less than 0.001) g water/m2/h, respectively. The mean SVL of treated palms returned near basal rate within 1 week of stopping treatment. Four patients developed skin irritation from ACH; in three this disappeared after 1 week and they were able to continue with treatment; one withdrew from the study because of the severe irritation. All patients reported that the ACH reduced palmar sweating within 48 hours of application; its effect disappeared within 48 hours after stopping treatment. ACH appeared to be useful in rapid control of palmar hyperhydrosis.
Int J Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Aluminum chloride hexahydrate versus palmar hyperhidrosis. Evaporimeter assessment. 236 96

Sensitization to drugs in transdermal therapeutic systems is a common unwanted event. We investigated whether prolonged occlusion of the skin causes skin irritation, and in this way might play a role in the possible induction of sensitization to drugs from these systems. Occlusion was effected with a placebo transdermal therapeutic system and silver-patch test in a time span ranging from eight hours to seven days in five groups of five volunteers. Skin irritation was judged on clinical aspects, histopathologic and immunofluorescence findings, and changes in the Langerhans' cell systems. The results indicate that occlusion with the systems used in this experiment provokes only slight or no skin irritation.
Arch Dermatol 1987 Nov
PMID:The effect of occlusion of the skin with transdermal therapeutic system on Langerhans' cells and the induction of skin irritation. 296 Feb 71

In vitro techniques have been developed that are predictive of drug permeation through skin. Methods also have been developed to determine the skin irritation potential of a drug substance during the preclinical stages of transdermal dosage form development. Clinical studies are performed to test for skin irritation, contact sensitization, plasma levels of drug, and efficacy of the dosage form. In theory, these studies should be predictive of a dosage form's performance in routine clinical use. This may not be the case, however; contact sensitization cannot be predicted with absolute certainty beforehand in animals. This article discusses various aspects of testing transdermal dosage forms and how the results of these tests correlate with what happens when a transdermal dosage form is put into routine clinical use.
Arch Dermatol 1987 Nov
PMID:Testing of controlled-release transdermal dosage forms. Product development and clinical trials. 296 Feb 74

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between alteration of skin surface pH and the development of skin irritation. Application of a phosphate/borate/acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.0-10.5 in a standard chamber irritation test did not result in significant clinical irritation. This was true in spite of maintaining a markedly altered skin surface pH over an extended period of time. There was also no correlation between irritation and the pH of applied surfactant solutions. These results demonstrate that a prolonged disturbance of the "acid mantle" is not sufficient to produce clinical irritation.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1988 Jan
PMID:Effect of pH on the production of irritation in a chamber irritation test. 334 10


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