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Query: KEGG:D01170 (ZnO)
 13,684 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The determination of Zn in fingernails directly using the graphite furnace presented certain difficulties due to the anomalous behavior of the analyte in the furnace. The appearance of two peaks which were due to Zn and not to any background interference was noted. The Zn value obtained by adding the area of these two peaks compared fairly well with Zn levels determined by wet ashing and subsequent determination either in the furnace or flame. Wet ashed samples gave only a single peak. It was possible to produce a model of the phenomenon with various Zn salts in a non aqueous matrix. Under these conditions ZnSO4 and ZnO gave a discretely different peak from ZnC12 or metallic Zn. Several tissues such as serum, whole blood, cuticle, and hair were examined for multiple peak formation. Direct determination of Zn in fingernails with the graphite furnace is possible for certain applications such as the determination of Zn levels of white spots in fingernails. For this purpose it is possible to use a sample size as small as 20 mug using the 2138 Zn line. This allows one to run several determinations on a single white spot. However, where sample size is not a limitation, wet ash digestion prior to determination in the furnace is probably the preferred procedure.
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PMID:Determination of zinc in fingernails by non-flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. 94 32

Effluents from the smokestacks of powerplants contain respirable particles that are enriched with a variety of biologically active trace elements. To determine the relative toxicity of trace elements in coal fly ash, the effects of selected compounds, alone and in combination, were evaluated in cultures of pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The inorganic compounds studied were ZnO, Na2SeO3, V2O5, NaAsO2, Mn3O4, and Ni3S2. Vanadium pentoxide was the most cytotoxic compound while selenium was the least toxic (approximately 100-fold less toxic than vanadium). After dose-response curves for each element were established, interactions between various compounds were studied by coexposure to trace elements at different concentrations. Selenium was completely antagonistic to the toxic effects of vanadium and slightly antagonistic to arsenic. In contrast to selenite, sulfite, a moiety with a similar redox potential, was not antagonistic to vanadium toxicity. Zinc was weakly antagonistic to the in vitro effects of nickel. No other chemical combinations displayed antagonistic, synergistic or additive effects on the function of the cultured macrophages.
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PMID:Trace element interactions affecting pulmonary macrophage cytotoxicity. 394 6

In this work, the photocatalytic atrazine degradation by seven synthetic minerals and five environmental particle samples was examined to investigate a possible contribution of photocatalysis to the abiotic degradation of atrazine in the environment. Particle suspensions containing 500 ng/L atrazine were irradiated with a sun simulator, and the atrazine degradation was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Atrazine detection by ELISA proved to be an useful analytical tool because of low cross-reactivity of atrazine metabolites and high sensitivity with detection limits in the lower nanograms per liter range. The atrazine degradation followed first-order kinetics, and the obtained rate coefficients were compared with the rate of direct photolysis. Known photocatalysts, such as TiO2 and ZnO, showed the expected fast photocatalytic degradation (k = 27-327 x 10(-3) min(-1)) of atrazine. The degradation rates detected upon irradiation of titanium-, zinc-, or iron-containing minerals were orders of magnitudes lower (k = 0.15-0.70 x 10(-3) min(-1)) but still significantly faster than direct photolysis without particles (k = 0.10 x 10(-3) min(-1)). With environmental particle samples (soot, fly ash, sand, road dust, and volcanic ash), however, no significant photocatalytic activity was observed (k = 0.07-0.16 x 10(-3) min(-1)). The atrazine degradation rates were in the range of direct photolysis. Thus photocatalysis by aerosol or soil particles appears not to enhance abiotic atrazine degradation in the environment.
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PMID:Photocatalytic atrazine degradation by synthetic minerals, atmospheric aerosols, and soil particles. 1252 Nov 59

A pig trial and a chick trial were done to determine the effect of high levels of Zn and Cu on the P-releasing efficacy of phytase. Ninety-nine individually fed pigs (7.2 kg) were given ad libitum access to one of 11 experimental diets for a period of 21 d. Fibula ash (mg) was regressed against supplemental inorganic P (iP) intake (g) to establish the standard curve, from which phytase treatments were compared to determine P-releasing efficacy. The basal diet was a corn-soybean meal diet with no supplemental P (21% CP, 0.075% estimated available P, 130 mg of Zn/kg, as-fed basis). Diets included three graded levels of supplemental iP (0, 0.075, 0.150%) from reagent-grade KH2PO4, two levels of phytase (500 and 1,000 FTU/kg) from EcoPhos, 1,500 mg of Zn/kg from either Waelz ZnO or basic Zn chloride (Zn5Cl2(OH)8), and all combinations of phytase and Zn. One phytase unit (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 micromol of iP per minute from sodium phytate at 37 degrees C and pH 5.5. Phytase supplementation improved (P < 0.01) weight gain, G:F, and fibula ash (% and mg). Bone ash (mg) was highest (P < 0.01) for pigs fed diets containing 1,000 FTU/kg of phytase. Supplemental Zn had no effect (P > 0.50) on growth performance, but decreased (P < 0.05) fibula ash (mg). Comparison of the phytase treatments to the standard curve (r2 = 0.87) revealed P-release values of 0.130 and 0.195% for 500 and 1,000 FTU of phytase/kg, respectively, in the absence of Zn, whereas in the presence of Zn (pooled), P-release values were decreased (P < 0.01) to 0.092 and 0.132%, respectively. The effects of high levels of supplemental Zn (basic Zn chloride) and Cu (CuSO4 x 5H2O) on phytase efficacy also were investigated in a 12-d chick trial. Dietary treatments were arranged according to a 2(3) factorial, with two levels each of supplemental phytase (0 and 500 FTU/kg from EcoPhos), Zn (0 and 800 mg/kg), and Cu (0 and 200 mg/kg). There was a phytase x Zn interaction (P < 0.01) for tibia ash. Thus, Zn supplementation decreased tibia ash in the presence, but not in the absence, of phytase. Supplemental Cu did not affect (P > 0.30) the response to phytase. These results suggest that pharmacological levels of Zn chelate the phytate complex, thereby decreasing its availability for hydrolysis by phytase.
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PMID:Pharmacological zinc levels reduce the phosphorus-releasing efficacy of phytase in young pigs and chickens. 1521 1

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium(Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO x Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.
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PMID:Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes. 1549 71

A fluorimetric assay which enables direct and accurate analysis of the adhesion of bacteria to solid particles was developed. The assay is based on labeling of the bacteria with fluorescamine, which reacts with primary amino groups on the cell surface to yield a yellow fluorescence that is easily detectable by both fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry. As an example, fluorescent labeling of Rhodococcus strain GIN-1 (NCIMB 40340) cells enabled the detection and quantitative determination of their adsorption to TiO(inf2) and coal fly ash particles. Exposure of the cells to 10% acetone during the labeling reaction affected neither their viability nor their ability to adhere to these particles. Only a small fraction (;sim2%) of the total cell protein was labeled by fluorescamine upon staining of intact bacterial cells, which may indicate preferential labeling of certain proteins. Specificity studies carried out with the fluorescence assay confirmed previous findings that Rhodococcus strain GIN-1 cells possess high affinities for TiO(inf2), ZnO, and coal fly ash and low affinities for other metal oxides. In principle, the newly developed fluorimetric assay may be used for determination of cell adhesion to any solid matrix by either microscopic examination or epifluorescence measurements. In the present work, the adhesion of several other microorganisms to TiO(inf2) particles was tested as well, but their ability to adhere to these particles was significantly lower than that of Rhodococcus strain GIN-1 cells.
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PMID:Direct and Rapid Analysis of the Adhesion of Bacteria to Solid Surfaces: Interaction of Fluorescently Labeled Rhodococcus Strain GIN-1 (NCIMB 40340) Cells with Titanium-Rich Particles. 1653 88

This study employed direct photolysis to treat mixed polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) solutions. The solutions included a synthetic standard 17 2, 3, 7, 8-substituted congeners solution and a practical liquid extracted from the bag filter ash of an electric arc furnace. Additionally, this work utilized a coupled catalyst (ZnO/SnO2) under UV irradiation for photocatalytic degradation of 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD and OCDD. The direct photolysis rate of PCDFs was faster than that of PCDDs. The degradation rate of international toxicity equivalency quantity (I-TEQ) for PCDDs and PCDFs in the synthetic standard solution was 1.369 and 1.472 h(-1), respectively, and that in the ash-extracted solution was 0.061 and 0.117 h(-1), respectively. The rate of photocatalytic degradation declined as the number of chlorine atoms increased. No 2, 3, 7, 8-substituted congeners were identified during photocatalytic degradation; additionally, the photolytic rate of the UV/coupled catalyst was higher than that of UV/single catalyst system. Experimental results suggested that the primary degradation pathway for direct photolysis and photocatalysis of PCDD/Fs was the CCl cleavage and CO cleavage, respectively.
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PMID:Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans: direct photolysis and photocatalysis processes. 1765 19

In Taiwan, secondary copper smelters and zinc recovery plants primarily utilize recovering metal from scrap and dross, and handles mostly fly ash and slag with high temperature to produce ZnO from the iron and steel industry. The materials may contain organic impurities, such as plastic and organic chloride chemicals, and amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are produced during the smelting process. Therefore, secondary metal recovery industries are major emission sources of PCDD/Fs, which may have been demonstrated to elicit oxidative stress and to involve the production of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). Many studies have also indicated that the intake of antioxidants, smoking, age and exposure to environmental pollutants may be implicated to DNA damage or lipid peroxidation. This study therefore aims to elucidate the roles of occupational exposure like joining the smelting work, age, smoking and alcohol status, and antioxidant intake on oxidative damage in secondary metal recovery workers in Taiwan. 73 workers were recruited from 2 secondary metal recovery plants. The analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in urine, DNA strand breakage (comet assay) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in blood samples were completed for all of the workers. The results showed that the older subjects exhibited significantly lower levels of 8-OH-dG and MDA than younger subjects. Our investigation also showed that working departments were in related to plasma MDA and DNA strand breakage levels of nonsmokers, however, the observation become negligible in smokers. And it is implicated that cigarette type might affect 8-OH-dG levels in secondary metal recovery workers. Since, adding to results above, the MDA level in production workers was significantly higher than those in managerial departments, it is important for the employers to make efforts on improving occupational environments or serving protective equipments to protect workers in secondary metal recovery factories.
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PMID:Oxidative damage of workers in secondary metal recovery plants affected by smoking status and joining the smelting work. 1841 71

The chemical and mineralogical composition of fly ash samples collected from laboratory scale circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion facility have been investigated. Three fly ashes were collected from the second cyclone in a 50 kW laboratory scale boiler, after the combustion of different solid fuels. Characterisation of the fly ash samples was conducted by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative analysis of the crystalline (mineral) and amorphous phases in each ash sample was carried out using the Rietveld-based Siroquant system, with an added spike of ZnO to evaluate the amorphous content. SiO(2) is the dominant oxide in the fly ashes, with CaO, Al(2)O(3) and Fe(2)O(3) also present in significant proportions. XRD results show that all three fly ashes contain quartz, anhydrite, hematite, illite and amorphous phases. The minerals calcite, feldspar, lime and periclase are present in ashes derived from Polish coal and/or woodchips. Ash from FBC combustion of a Greek lignite contains abundant illite, whereas illite is present only in minor proportions in the other ash samples.
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PMID:Quantitative evaluation of minerals in fly ashes of biomass, coal and biomass-coal mixture derived from circulating fluidised bed combustion technology. 1941 Mar 65

Model fly ashes containing admixed Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn chlorides and oxides were heated at a temperature corresponding to the postcombustion zone of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), resulting in the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorobenzenes (CBzs). The concentrations of these compounds were measured and compared with those occurring in real fly ash. The order with respect generative capacity of each metal additive was calculated from principal component analysis of the concentrations of the different chlorinated aromatic compounds as CuCl(2)*2H(2)O > Cu(2)(OH)(3)Cl > FeCl(3)*6H(2)O > FeCl(2)*4H(2)O > CuO > Fe(2)O(3) > PbCl(2) > blank (no metal added) > ZnCl(2) > PbO > ZnO. From hierarchical cluster analysis of the concentrations and congener distribution patterns of the PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and CBzs, the metallic compounds were divided into five groups: Group A (CuCl(2)*2H(2)O and Cu(2)(OH)(3)Cl), B (FeCl(3)*6H(2)O and FeCl(2)*4H(2)O), C (CuO and PbCl(2)), D (Fe(2)O(3), blank, and ZnCl(2)), and E (PbO and ZnO). Cluster analysis showed the congener distribution patterns of model fly ashes to be similar to the pattern of real MSWI fly ash. The formation of PCDDs was influenced mainly by group B, blank, and PbO; PCDFs, mainly by CuO, Fe(2)O(3) and ZnCl(2); PCBs, mainly by groups B and C; and CBzs, mainly by groups A and B. Thus, the multiple promotion of chlorinated aromatic compound formation by metallic chlorides and oxides in the fly ashes of MSWIs and other thermal processes has considerable importance for the environment.
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PMID:Influence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn chlorides and oxides on formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in MSWI fly ash. 1992 22


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