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Query: KEGG:D00046 (lactose)
 16,692 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipogenic capacity of various dietary carbohydrates starch, glucose sucrose and lactose was tested during ad lib feeding and starvation followed by refeeding. Sucrose was found to have maximal effect on hepatic total lipid and the enzymes in the study followed by glucose and sago while lactose was found to be toxic. Starvation resulted depression in the activities of various enzymes. The enzyme activity inducing effect was again exhibited by sucrose diet during ad lib and restricted refeeding followed by starvation.
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PMID:Effect of different dietary carbohydrates on some hepatic dehydrogenases and total lipid during starvation and refeeding regimen. 3 90

To investigate the role that the known disaccharidase depression may play in the aetiology of infant gastroenteritis caused by Candida albicans, C. albicans and the rarely pathogenic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by three different methods. Both types of yeast significantly depressed the lactose-hydrolysis activity of beta-galactosidase, and both depressed lactose hydrolysis in the ligated small intestine of infant rabbits, either in intact animals allowed to survive for 10 h, or in a physiological bath for 20 h. The depression of lactose activity was not temperature dependent; living and inactivated yeast preparations produced comparable degrees of depression of enzyme activity. It is concluded that the depression of lactose hydrolysis is not a virulence factor of C. albicans, but contributes to the often observed disaccharide intolerance associated with candida gastroenteritis in infants.
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PMID:Depression of lactose hydrolysis by yeasts. 33 Aug 63

Five experiments were conducted with growing chicks to determine the effectiveness of various materials in modifying the toxicity of vanadium. The toxicity of vanadium (as it is measured by growth depression and mortality) was much greater when vanadium was added to a semipurified diet than when it was added to a practical diet containing natural ingredients. When EDTA was added to diets containing 50 to 200 p.p.m. vanadium, the growth depression was reduced from 22.1% and 75.9% to 8.4% and 36.7% respectively, and the mortality was reduced from 80% to 20% among chicks fed 200 p.p.m. vanadium. The addition of 10% lactose to a diet containing 100 p.p.m. vanadium increased the growth depression from 41% to 76.2% and caused 80% mortality. Chromium added to diets containing 100 and 200 p.p.m. vanadium improved the growth and reduced the mortality.
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PMID:The effect of diet on the toxicity of vanadium. 81 19

Colchicine, the plant alkaloid, produced a dramatic decrease in milk flow when infused into the udder of the goat. The compound (1 to 5 mg) dissolved in 5 ml of water was inserted into one side of the under via the teat canal. Such treatments consistently caused a depression in milk yield from the infused side with maximum at 36 h and substantial reversal by 72 to 96 h. Milks from both the infused and uninfused sides of the udder were essentially normal in composition (fat, protein, and lactose). However, globulins and riboflavin were elevated in milks from the infused side. The plant alkaloid, vincristine, produced effects on milk secretion similar to those of colchicine but at dosages roughly one-tenth the latter. The two substances had no effect on the amount of milk from the uninfused side of the udder. Experiments employing [carbon-14] colchicine revealed that less than 20% of the infused colchicine is secreted in the milk. Both the secretion of fat globules and the emptying of secretory vesicles by the lactating cell are inhibited by colchicine indicating that a portion of the cell population is turned off from secretion. Plant substances such as colchicine and vincristine may at times limit yields of milk, especially in grazing ruminants.
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PMID:Mechanisms of secretion: effects of colchicine and vincristine on composition and flow of milk in the goat. 95 80

Lactase deficiency, manifested clinically by lactose malabsorption, is often the only biochemical evidence of a residual disturbance of jejunal mucosal function after Escherichia coli enteropathy in the infant. Villous morphology is usually normal. A sustained depression of the processes of biochemical differentiation of lactase biosynthesis has been postulated to explain similar states of lactase deficiency, but a possible influence of altered epithelial cell turnover on the mucosal lactase levels has not been investigated. In ten infants with a residual lactose malabsorption, after E. coli infection, jejunal cell renewal activity and disaccharidase activities were studied by analysis of the exfoliated cells collected by lumenal perfusion. Significant increases in DNA and protein exfoliation and in the brush border activities of sucrase and lactase were observed during recovery from the malabsorptive disturbance. DNA and protein efflux increased almost linearly during a 20-day period. Lactase was initially four times more deficient than sucrase activity in the exfoliated cells. Both enzyme activities increased at almost identical rates. Therefore, it took longer for lactase activity to return to normal levels. The lactase/sucrase ratios approached normal at the end of the 20-day period. The changes in the exfoliating levels of the two enzymes, when analysed in relation to the increases in cell renewal activity, suggested a relationship between sucrase and lactase levels and cell age.
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PMID:Intestinal exfoliated cells in infant diarrhoea: changes in cell renewal and disaccharidase activities. 104 54

Six lactating first-calf Holstein cows were used to test the effect of dietary roughage on glucose metabolism. Cows were fed either a low-roughage or high-roughage diet at isocaloric digestible energy intakes in a double changeover design experiment. Mean values (plus or minus standard deviation) for milk yield (kg/day), fat (%), lactose (%), and protein (%) for cows fed low-roughage were 19.0 plus or minus 4.4, 3.11 plus or minus .78, 5.19 plus or minus .27, 3.44 plus or minus .48; values for cows fed high-roughage were 17.5 plus or minus 5.1, 3.99 plus or minus .58, 4.94 plus or minus .25, and 2.78 plus or minus .33. One hour post-feeding on the 20th day of each period 2 mCi of tritiated glucose were administered to each cow by single injection to measure glucose kinetics. Mean values (plus or minus standard deviation) for plasma concentration (mg/100 ml) pool size (mg/kg), half-time (min), and utilization rate (mg/kg--75 per min) of glucose, and plasma insulin concentration (muU/ml) for cows fed low-roughage were 63.1 plus or minus 3.9, 17.9 plus or minus 3.4, 30.4 plus or minus 5.2, 8.55 plus or minus 2.44, and 22.0 plus or minus 3.9; for cows fed high-roughage values were 54.9 plus or minus 2.2, 114.5 plus or minus 17.2, 40.0 plus or minus 2.2, 4.06 plus or minus .38, and 16.2 plus or minus 2.4. A glucose load was administered intravenously to each cow on the last day of each period. Glucose half-times and mean plasma insulin following the clearance test were not affected by diet. Compared to high-roughage, low-roughage diets greatly affect metabolism in lactating cows when isocaloric intakes of each are fed. Fat depression, however, may or may not occur simultaneously.
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PMID:Glucose metabolism in cows fed low- and high-roughage diets. 114 77

Anaesthesia and surgery are known to depress granulocyte function in the early postoperative period, leading to deterioration of the immune defence against infection. Carbohydrate-lectin interactions may play an important role in the activities of phagocytic cells in that they facilitate initial host defence in the event of microbial antigenic challenge. A panel of biotinylated (neo)glycoproteins (chemically glycosilated carrier proteins) was used to detect endogenous carbohydrate-binding receptors /lectins/, on peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients undergoing prolonged anaesthesia for replantation surgery. Four hours after induction of anaesthesia, a progressive decline of expression of endogenous sugar receptors on granulocytes was detected using the labelled (neo)glycoproteins lactose-BSA, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-BSA, D-mannose-BSA, sialic-acid-BSA and D-xylose-BSA. Concomitant changes in peripheral white blood cell counts and the lack of depression in the absence of general anaesthetic agents suggested the existence of a possible relationship between reduced expression of (neo)glycoprotein receptors to impaired granulocyte function and anaesthetic-induced immunodepression.
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PMID:Changes of expression of endogenous sugar receptors by polymorphonuclear leukocytes after prolonged anaesthesia and surgery. 137 52

Responses of dairy cows given silage diets to the intraruminal infusion of urea in progressively increasing doses were studied in four experiments, two with non-lactating cows and two with lactating cows. No clinical symptoms of NH3 toxicity were observed in any of the experiments. When urea was infused continuously, silage intake was depressed (P less than 0.05) when the total supply of N exceeded the equivalent of 250 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM in the total diet. However, when the urea load was administered twice daily, as opposed to continuously, intake depression (P less than 0.05) occurred at the equivalent of 170 g CP/kg DM. At the higher doses of urea, concentrations of NH3 in peripheral blood increased and were accompanied by increased concentrations of glucose and reduced levels of insulin in plasma. In general, responses of milk production followed those of silage intake but there was evidence of greater proportional reductions in the yield of lactose relative to that of fat and protein. It is concluded that the voluntary intake of high-protein silages may be depressed by factors associated with high rates of absorption of NH3 from the rumen.
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PMID:The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea on the voluntary intake and milk production of cows receiving grass silage diets. 226 98

Two hypotheses were tested: (a) lowered tolerance for balloon distention of the rectosigmoid in patients with irritable bowel syndrome is caused by a psychological tendency to exaggerate the painfulness of any aversive stimulus, and (b) contractions elicited by balloon distention are responsible for pain reports. Tolerance for stepwise distention of a balloon in the rectosigmoid was compared with tolerance for holding one hand in ice water in 16 irritable bowel patients, 10 patients with functional bowel disorder who did not satisfy restrictive criteria for irritable bowel, 25 lactose malabsorbers, and 18 asymptomatic controls. Contractile activity was measured 5 cm above and 5 cm below the distending balloon. Psychometric tests were used to assess neuroticism, anxiety, and depression, and a standardized psychiatric interview was administered. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome had significantly lower tolerance for balloon distention but not ice water, and balloon tolerance was not correlated with neuroticism or other psychological traits measured. Rectosigmoid and rectal motility were also not related to tolerance for balloon distention. Both hypotheses were rejected. A peripheral mechanism such as altered receptor sensitivity may be the cause of distention pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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PMID:Tolerance for rectosigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. 232 11

The results are reported of four feeding experiments in which lactating cows were given fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates at different meal frequencies. In Expt 1 the total ration was given in two and twenty-four meals daily and in Expts 2-4, the concentrates were given in two and five or six meals and the hay was given twice daily. The diets contained 600-900 g concentrate/kg. In all the experiments, more frequent feeding of these low-roughage diets reduced milk fat depression and increased milk fat yield. In each experiment the increase was greater with the diet containing the lower proportion of hay. There was no significant effect on milk yield, the protein or lactose contents of the milk or live-weight gain. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was increased in one of the experiments but not in two others in which it was measured. More frequent feeding was calculated to increase the net energy secreted in milk and there was a tendency for it to increase the net energy in live-weight gain with diets containing 600 or 700 g concentrate/kg but to decrease it with diets containing 800 or 900 g concentrate/kg. These results are discussed in relation to theories of energy partition in lactating cows. It is concluded that at fixed feed intakes, the main response to increased meal frequency is likely to be a reduction in milk fat depression and that this will be confined to diets containing not more than about 200 g modified acid-detergent fibre/kg dry matter.
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PMID:Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on digestion, milk production and energy utilization. 384 Jun 93


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