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Query: HUMANGGP:036187 (gut)
 73,132 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stripped duodenal mucosa of rabbits was mounted in Ussing chambers containing a Ringer solution gassed with 100% O2. The disappearance of acid or alkali from the mucosal solution of short-circuited tissue was measured with a pH stat while the serosal pH was kept at 7.4. The duodenum rapidly disposed of both acid and alkali; neither property was altered by gassing with N2 while iodoacetate was in the perfusing solutions. Prevention of release of CO2 from the mucosal chamber obliterated the early rapid phase of acid disposal by the mucosa while a similar maneuver in the serosal chamber increased the appearance of serosal acid without altering the rate of acid disposal. Gut sacs of rabbit duodenum in vitro and in vivo showed a positive correlation between acid disposal and the rate of luminal CO2 production. While acid disposal progressively decreased with time for the in vitro gut sacs, the in vivo gut sac showed no fatigue in this respect. Luminal acidification in the Ussing chamber was associated with a profound reduction in short-circuit current (Isc), partially reversible by elevation of the mucosal pH but not by luminal glucose. Our data suggest that acid disposal occurs in part by intraluminal neutralization and in part by diffusion into the mucosa.
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PMID:Mechanisms of disposal of acid and alkali in rabbit duodenum. 0 19

Using a single-pass perfusion technique, H2O, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and glucose absorption were studied in the jejunum and proximal and distal ileum of rats either uninfected or infected with a tapeworm parasite (Hymenolepis diminuta). The effect of parasitization, region of the intestine, type of buffer, and concentration of glucose in the perfusion fluids on the transport data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate techniques. Proximal-distal flux gradients were observed for water and all the solute species studied, as well as for glucose- and bicarbonate-stimulated salt and water transport; there was a decreasing sensitivity to low pH proceeding distally. The major regional differences occurred between the proximal and distal ileum, with the fluxes in the jejunum being similar to those in the proximal ileum. Na+, H2O, and glucose transport decreased, while Cl- absorption increased, proceeding distally. The parasites diminished the rates of absorption of glucose, salt, and water, and altered the flux gradients, particularly the Na+ and HCO3- transport gradients. The differences in the gradients between control and infected animals were related to differential sensitivity of the different transport systems in the various regions of the gut to parasitism.
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PMID:Proximal-distal absorptive gradients in the in vivo intestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats. 2 Feb 12

Glucose absorption from the ageing rat's small intestine was studied "in vivo" using the recirculation-perfusion method of Sheff and Smyth. Different initial concentrations were used and animals of various ages (6 mo., 12 mo. and more than 27 mo. old) tested for their glucose uptake from the total small intestine (including duodenum) in the course of a twenty-minute period. Glucose was estimated by the modified o-toluidine method of Hultman. The (reciprocal) absorption data, reduced on dried intestine weight units were plotted by the Lineweaver -- Burk (regression) equations and the Km and Vmax indices derived. The results show that there is an apparent increase of the Km value in case of the old rats. Regarding the Km as an apparent affinity constant of the glucose for the carrier transport, ageing induces a considerable loss in affinity and a concomitant increase of the maximum absorptive capacity (Vmax) possible by the transfer capacity of the ageing small gut. The interpretation of the data suggest that the role of the probable age-dependent changes of diffusion-components cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:[Glucose absorption from the small intestine in rats of different ages (authors transl)]. 2 45

Intraduodenal infusion of 0.05-0.5 N hydrochloric acid dose-dependently increases serum levels of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in rats. Immunoreactive GIP released by duodenal acidification is biologically active because it augments the glucose-induced release of immunoreactive insulin (IRI). This augmentation of glucose-induced IRI release by intraduodenal acid can be abolished for 30 min by simultaneous intravenous infusion of GIP-antiserum. From this it is concluded that the initial capacity to augment the glucose-induced insulin release (incretin activity) of hydrochloric acid is due to its ability to release GIP. Later on, other gut factors with incretin activity might be released by hydrochloric acid. Also, in humans, intraduodenal infusion of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid releases GIP without changing serum levels of glucose or insulin. The GIP release is a direct effect of intraduodenal acid and is not mediated via secretin release. Injection of secretin in supraphysiologic doses does not change serum levels of immunoreactive GIP. However, such secretin injections induce a short-term insulin release and a decrease in serum glucose concentration.
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PMID:Release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by intraduodenal acidification in rats and humans and abolishment of the incretin effect of acid by GIP-antiserum in rats. 3 54

The study of vitamin B12 release from the ileal enterocyte has been hampered by the fact that B12 does not cross the serosa of traditional everted ileal sacs. We studied this release by perfusing the superior mesenteric arteries of starved, heparinized, etherized rats and collecting perfusate from the superior mesenteric vein. The rats were fed 57CoB12 well before study. The standard perfusion medium was Krebs-Henseleit-NaHCO3 buffer containing glucose, dextran, albumin, propranolol, and dexamethasone. The preparation utilized glucose and O2, produced lactate, and was relatively impermeable to [14C]inulin, to D-xylose, and to 57CoB12 bound to an inert human IF. Glucose placed in the gut lumen was transported much more rapidly than D-xylose. Vitamin B12 emerged in the perfusate bound to a protein with a molecular size similar to that of TC II. IF could not be identified in the perfusate. Rat serum, independently of its unsaturated TC II content, increased the rate of transfer of B12 into the perfusate.
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PMID:Vitamin B12 absorption studied by vascular perfusion of rat intestine. 4 Oct 23

In surface cultures on NK/2-Sym's medium, the isolate No. 26a of Bacillus subtilis from the intestinal tract of Galleria mellonella larvae produced three antibacterial substances which were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column. The major bioactive compound named 26a had a close resemblance to bacitracin family of polypeptide antibiotics. Two minor active compounds, i.e. a bacteriolytic enzyme with endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidglycanohydrolase (EC. 3. 2. 1. 17) activity and other unidentified factor were usually synthetized in trace amounts. Maximum yield of 26a generally occurred after 120 hour incubation, when the producer reached the stationary growth phase and general sporulation of the bacterial cultures was found. The basal medium of NK/2-Sym supplemented by addition of manganese ions (10(-4) M), d-glucose (1%) and inorganic nitrogen beneficially resulted in antibiotic potency of the fermentation broth. The antibiotics produced by other isolates (Nos 5AK, 15 and 92) have been also analyzed and from their properties they can be tentatively classified as members of bacitracin group polypeptides. A possible role of the antibiotics produced by intestinal Bacillus spp in the formation process of typical gut microflora of G. mellonella is discussed.
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PMID:Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. I. Taxonomy and fermentative production. 8 95

Elemental enteral alimentation (EEA) is an alternative to parenteral nutrition in patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract and increased caloric requirements or in whom regular oral feeding is impossible or impractical. EEA is given by nasogastric, jejunostomy, or gastrostomy tube. It is useful in cases of short-gut syndrome, pancreatic disease, partial intestinal obstruction, colitis, neuropsychiatric cachexia, trauma, fistula, vascular insult, and renal and liver disease, as well as in patients being prepared for surgery or requiring hyperalimentation after surgery or abdominal irradiation. Strict attention must be paid to fluid and electrolyte status and to blood and urine glucose levels in patients receiving EEA. With use of a nasogastric tube, infection of the middle ear is a possible but uncommon complication.
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PMID:Meeting exceptional nutritional needs. 2. Elemental enteral alimentation. 10 Jul 74

We studied serum glucose levels following a peroral glucose test in 6 healthy subjects on 2 alternate days in random order; with or without an i.v. TRH infusion for 3 hours (0.66 mg/hour). TRH infusion reduced serum glucose levels following oral glucose in all 6 subjects investigated. Serum insulin levels were reduced accordingly. Furthermore, serum xylose levels following peroral xylose were studied in the same 6 subjects. TRH infusion i.v. reduced serum xylose levels in all 6 subjects studied. I.v. glucose tolerance tests with or without an i.v. TRH infusion (0.66 mg/h) for 3 hours were studied in 4 healthy subjects. No change in serum glucose or insulin levels following TRH infusion was observed. We conclude that an i.v. infusion of TRH reduces serum levels of glucose following a peroral xylose load. TRH thus has marked actions on gastro-intestinal function in man inhibiting and/or retarding the absorption of glucose and xylose from the gut.
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PMID:Actions of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone on gastrointestinal function in man. I. Inhibition of glucose and xylose absorption from the gut. 10 Aug 66

Glibenclamide has been shown to stimulate an insulin releasing factor in the duodenum. The possibility that this effect is of importance in its hypoglycaemic action was investigated by studying the effect of galactose on insulin release before and after treatment with glibenclamide; galactose stimulates insulin release when given orally but has no effect when given parenterally; thus its ability to release insulin appears to reside in an action on a gut factor. Measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were made on twelve maturity onset diabetic patients following an oral glucose tolerance test and an oral galactose tolerance test before and after one week of treatment with glibenclamide. Glibenclamide significantly reduced the blood glucose levels. Both basal insulin and basal glucagon levels were unchanged. The insulin response to oral glucose was enhanced. Glucagon levels before treatment did not suppression of glucagon levels. Galactose stimulated insulin release but insulin levels before and after treatment were identical. An effect of glibenclamide on gut insulin releasing activity was not demonstrated but the galactose tolerance test provides a useful technique by which to examine the enteroinsular axis.
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PMID:The effect of glibenclamide treatment on the insulin and glucagon responses to oral glucose and galactose in maturity onset diabetics. 11 30

1. The proportion of activity in the physiologically active I form of glycogen synthase in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) decreased in the worm when the rat host was fasted and was greatly increased in the cestode 1 hr after a 24 hr fasted rat was refed. 2. The increase in glycogen synthase I activity was due to glucose present in the host gut after feeding, not to other physiological changes in the rat intestine due to meal consumption. 3. Incubation of intact H. diminuta in vitro with glucose also resulted in the conversion of glycogen synthase D to I. 4. Glucose does not appear to affect the glycogen synthase complex directly, because neither the total synthase converted to I nor the rate of conversion was affected by glucose in a partially purified homogenate. 5. High concentrations of glycogen inhibited the synthase D to I conversion and high mol. wt glycogen was a more effective inhibitor than low mol. wt glycogen.
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PMID:Glycogen synthase in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta--II. Control of enzyme activity by glucose and glycogen. 12 61


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