Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: HUMANGGP:034761 (insulin)
 211,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute medical emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis may be established rapidly by measurement of urinary glucose and ketones, arterial blood pH and blood gases, and serum ketones. Rapid infusion of large volumes of fluids and electrolytes, together with continuous infusion of low doses of insulin, provides effective restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance and correction of metabolic derangements. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is characterized by marked hyperglycemia in the absence of ketoacidosis and occurs usually in patients with mild adult-onset diabetes. Symptoms develop more slowly than in diabetic ketoacidosis. Treatment is the same for both conditions. In alcoholic ketoacidosis, hyperketonemia is present without hyperglycemia. The syndrome differs from diabetic ketoacidosis in that blood glucose levels are lower and glycosuria is absent. Treatment consists of intravenous administration of dextrose in water and, if necessary, of sodium bicarbonate. Insulin administration usually is not necessary.
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PMID:Combating diabetic ketoacidosis and other hyperglycemic-ketoacidotic syndromes. 0 17

Water soluble pig insulin (4 x 10(-8) to 4 x 10(-7) g/ml) produced a marked and long-lasting increase in the contractile force of the rabbit auricle in vitro. Once the maximum effect for a given insulin concentration had been reached, addition of more insulin did not produce any further increase in inotropic effect. Insulin was without effect in reserpinized animals. Inhibition of cardiac beta-receptors by propranolol suppressed the positive inotropic effect of insulin. These findings support the hypothesis that insulin releases catecholamines from the myocardium.
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PMID:Positive inotropic effect of insulin on rabbit auricle in vitro. 0 25

After a brief historical account, the physiological effect of glucocorticoid hormones are analysed. Their main point of impact is neoglucogenesis from proteins. To this is added their direct action on carbohydrates, their intervention in the use of lipids, and in the movement of water and salts. Cortisone penetrates into the cell, is fixed by a cortisone receptor in order to be transferred into the nucleus and to act on the transformation of ADN-ARN. Its relationships with cyclic AMP are discussed. The hormonal correlations of glucocorticoids are numerous. (insulin, catecholamine, glucagon, growth hormone, androgen). Synthetic cordicoids have biological actions which are close to those of glucocorticoids, but vary depending on their structure. These physiological and pharmacological notions imply certain precautions in the use of this type of hormone derivative.
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PMID:[Glucocorticoids and metabolism]. 0 79

The gastric acid response to i.v. injection of 0.15 U of soluble insulin/kg b.w. was determined in healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients during intragastric perfusion with water, 0.1 M HC1, and alkaline buffer (pH 8.3). Perfusion with hydrochloric acid significantly reduced the peak gastric acid output following insulin in 6 healthy subjects (reduction 45%, p less than 0.05) but had no significant effect on the peak gastric acid response to insulin in 7 DU patients (reduction 16%, p greater than 0.05). The 2.5-hour gastric acid response to insulin was, however, significantly reduced in both groups (56% and 35%, respectively) by exogenous acidification of the stomach. The gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycaemia in 3 DU patients was the same with intragastric water and alkaline buffer perfusion. The reduction of the gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycaemia by intragastric acidification corresponded to a reduced volume secretion and could not be ascribed to increased back diffusion of hydrogen ions or duodenal inhibition. These findings suggest that the gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycaemia is inhibited by a low intragastric pH in man, and that DU patients are less sensitive to the inhibitory mechanism than healthy subjects.
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PMID:The effect of intragastric pH-variations on the gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycaemia in healthy subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. 1 11

The beta1- and beta2-components in antidiuresis and sodium retention induced by beta-adrenergic agonists were analysed in ethanol-anesthetized, water-diuretic rats. Intravenous infusions of isoprenaline, salbutamol and carbuterol did not affect insulin clearance but increased plasma renin concentration to the same same extent. Propranolol completely blocked the decreases in urine volume (V) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) induced by isoprenaline; practolol (beta1-blocker) inhibited only the decrease in UNaV and butaxamine (beta2-blocker) inhibited only the decrease in V. The ratios of doses of beta-agonists which decreased UNaV and by 50% (ED50 UNaV decrease/ED50 V decrease) were 0.34, 0.68, 1.56 and 2.36 for isoprenaline, tretoquinol, salbutamol and carbuterol, respectively. This increasing order of the ratios coincided with the order reported for the preponderance of the beta2- over beta1-component of these agonists. These results indicate that the decrease in UNaV induced by beta-agonists is related to beta1 stimulation, while the decrease in V is related to beta2 stimulation.
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PMID:Antidiuresis induced by beta1- and beta2-adrenergic agonists in ethanol-anesthetized rats. 2 97

The use of a quinea-pig model to study the immunogenicity of the insulin molecule is presented. The Hartley guinea-pig has been shown consistently to form antibody to ox insulin, when given in a water-in-oil emulsion containing pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. After log transformation of standardized antibody titres to iodo-ox insulin, a valid statistical comparison of the antibody response to different ox insulin preparations could be made. Antibody cross-reacting with ox insulin, but not iodo-ox insulin, was also detected. The quantity of one type of antibody was complementary to the other, an observation compatible with determinant competition having occurred during the immune response. From the results of cross-reactivity experiments using N-triacylated ox insulins and human insulin, it was shown that antibody cross-reacting with iodo-ox insulin had most probably been produced to a localized area of the molecule.
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PMID:Aspects of the secondary antibody response to ox insulin in the Hartley guinea-pig; the use of chemically modified ox insulin to delineate the antigenic determinants of ox insulin. 5 48

Subgroups of female Hartley guinea-pigs were immunized with N-carbamylated ox insulin, N-maleylated ox insulin, N-phthaloylated ox insulin, or with the crystalline ox insulin from which the N-acylated insulins had been prepared. The immunogens were administered in water-in-oil emulsions containing pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Sera obtained 20 days after secondary immunization were assayed for their antibody titres to iodo-ox insulin and their insulin-binding capacities. The data were log transformed for statistical comparison. N-carbamylated ox insulin seemed to be as immunogenic as crystalline ox insulin and no specific carbamyl hapten antibody could be found. N-maleylated and N-phthaloylated ox insulins yelded significantly less antibody cross-reactingwith iodo-ox insulin, but produced a complementary quantity of specific maleyl and phthaloyl hapten antibody respectively. Thus it was shown that in the system used the immune response was partitioned between different determinants, ox insulin and its N-acylated derivatives being equipotent immunogens.
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PMID:Determinant competition during the immune response to N-acyl derivatives of ox insulin in the Hartley guinea-pig. 5 52

When isolated rat epididymal fat cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin for 5 min at 37 degrees, radioactivity accumulated in the plasma membrane fraction (Peak 1) and an unidentified particulate fraction (Peak 2) as reported previously (Kono, T., Robinson, F.W., and Sarver, J.A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7826-7835). This accumulation of radioactivity in Peak 2 (but not that in Peak 1) was greatly impaired when cells were incubated with iodoinsulin in the presence of a variety of metabolic inhibitors that reduce the cellular content of ATP. The reduction in the ATP level coincided with a disappearance of the stimulatory effects of insulin on sugar transport and the hormone-sensitive phosphodiesterase. In contrast, ATP depletion had no significant effects, at least during a 5-to 15-min incubation, on the intracellular water space and on the basal sugar transport and phosphodiesterase activities. When cells once depleted on ATP by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM; 10 min) were washed and suspended in fresh buffer, the ATP level was recovered almost fully in 10 min. This recovery coincided with the restoration of responsiveness to insulin. When cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin or insulin for 5 min at 15 degrees instead of 37 degrees, a negligible quantity of radioactivity accumulated in Peak 2 and insulin failed to activate sugar transport. In contrast, under the same conditions, radioactivity accumulated in Peak 1 and insulin stimulated phosphodiesterase considerably. These results suggest that ATP, or some other compound metabolically related to ATP, may be necessary for the actions of insulin on sugar transport and phosphodiesterase. ATP, or some other related compound, may also be necessary in the formation of the radioactive Peak 2, although the physiological function and cellular location of this peak are yet to be ascertained.
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PMID:Actions of insulin in fat cells. Effects of low temperature, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory inhibitors. 6 33

Insulins of differing species, together with chemically modified insulins, were used in cross-reactivity experiments employing selected antisera raised to ox insulin in the Harley guinea-pig. The immunogen had been administered as a water-in-oil emulsion, using H. pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Antibody was generated by determinants in the C-terminus of the B chain plus the adjacent N-terminus of the A chain, in the central core of the A chain (A8-A14 region) and in its anti-parallel N-terminus of the B chain. From this antibody pool chemically modified ox insulin selected antibody to unaltered determinants. The immunochemical data were compatible with monomeric ox insulin being immunogenic, the immunogen perhaps being recognized by the immune system in the form of the Molecule-II rather than the Molecule-I of the dimer pair (as originally suggested by X-ray crystallographic data).
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PMID:Alteration in the immunochemical dominance of determinants following the chemical modification of ox insulins: implications for the structure of the ox insulin monomer in solution. 9 26

The mammary glands of euthyroid female C3H/HeN mice undergo a series of morphological changes during development. In glands from immature animals, the epithelial component consists of a sparse ductal system with few branches which fills about one fourth of the fat pad. In the adult virgin gland, the epithelial component fills the fat pad with a highly branched ductal system and a few alveoli. In contrast, glands from adult animals maintained in a hypothyroid state by ingestion of thiouracil since weaning retain the primitive ductal appearance while filling the fat pad. The glands from animals made hyperthroid by adding 2 micrograms T4/ml drinking water have extensive lobulo-alveolar development. Glands from animals made hypothyroid during 7 weeks of involution after lactation have the same degree of deveopment as the euthyroid controls. When explants of tissue from adult hypothyroid virgin animals are cultured in serum-free medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL, the specific milk protein, alpha-lactalbumin, is induced. The level of alpha-lactalbumin, measured as lactose synthetase activity, found per ng epithelial DNA is the same as that found in explants from glands of euthyroid virgins. These results suggest that thyroid hormones, in concert with PRL, play an important role in the regulation of development of the mouse mammary gland. Decreased levels of thyroid hormones in the serum result in retarded growth of the ductal system and little or no alveolar development. However, the resulting epithelial component of glands from hypothyroid mice is fully capable of differentiating in vitro when exposed to the proper hormonal environment.
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PMID:Lobulo-alveolar development of mouse mammary glands is regulated by thyroid hormones. 10 79


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