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Query: HUMANGGP:034761 (insulin)
 211,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The synthesis of neurotransmitters in mammalian brain responds rapidly to changes in precursor availability. Serotonin synthesis depends largely on the brain concentrations of L-tryptophan, its precursor amino aicd. This relationship appears to be physiologic: when brain tryptophan levels vary because of insulin secretion or meal ingestion, corresponding alterations occur in the rate of serotonin formation. The ability of any food to modify brain tryptophan (and serotonin) depends on how its ingestion changes the serum concentration of not only tryptophan, but also several other large neutral amino acids that compete with tryptophan for uptake into the brain. Such precursor-induced changes in brain serotonin appear to be functionally important: animals having a reduced level of brain serotonin (caused by the chronic ingestion of a naturally tryptophan-poor diet, such as corn) demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli; this pain sensitivity can be acutely restored to normal values by a single injection of L-tryptophan, which rapidly elevates brain serotonin. The synthesis of catecholamines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine) in the brain also varies with the availability of the precursor amino acid L-tyrosine. Single injections of this amino acid increase brain tyrosine levels and accelerate brain catechol synthesis, while injections of a competing neutral amino acid (e.g., leucine, tryptophan) reduce brain tyrosine and its rate of conversion to dopa. The rate of catecholamine synthesis, however, appears to be influenced less by precursor levels than is serotonin formation: tyrosine hydroxylase, whcih catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis, responds strongly to end-product inhibition and to other controls that reflect variations in neuronal activity. The synthesis of acetylcholine in brain responds to substrate (choline) availability much like serotonin synthesis. Short-term alterations in brain choline levels are mirrored by similar changes in brain acetylcholine concentration. Variations in the daily dietary intake of choline also modify brain choline and acetylcholine. The relationship between choline availability and acetylchyoline synthesis has already foudn a cletween choline availability and acetylchyoline synthesis has already found a clinical application: choline has been used successfully in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, a disorder of the central nervous system thought to reflect a deficiency in cholinergic transmission. These relationships between precursor availability from the periphery and brain neurotransmitter synthesis may ultimately provide the brain with information about peripheral metabolic state.
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PMID:Effects on the diet on brain neurotransmitters. 1 61

It is suggested that the early-morning growth-hormone release associated with slow-wave sleep is due to inhibition of somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus. It is also associated with inhibition of gastrointestinal somatostatin, causing a release of gastrin and insulin. Because the levels of glucocorticoid hormones are concurrently low, the insulin effect is unopposed and increases gut motility through augmented vagal tone. This results in an increased delivery of acid to the duodenum. In duodenal-ulcer patients, whose duodenal buffering capacity is reduced because of a relative deficiency of secretin response, this leads to pain.
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PMID:Nocturnal ulcer pain associated with slow-wave sleep. 7 1

A case of alcoholic ketoacidosis in a 23-year-old chronic alcoholic, gravada V, para IV, is reported. Symptoms were constant, severe, nonradiating pain with crampy exacerbations, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. The patient had a tender and irritable full-term uterus. She was treated inhospital with vigorous fluid therapy and 5% dextrose in normal saline, sodium bicarbonate, glucose and insulin and showed improvement overnight. Alcoholic ketoacidosis has not been reported in pregnant women. Metabolic derangements combine to produce ketoacidosis more readily in the pregnant alcoholic. Differentiation of alcoholic ketoacidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis is important since treatment varies. For alcoholic ketoacidosis, treatment is vigorous rehydration with dextrose-saline while diabetic ketoacidosis usually requires multiple therapeutic modalities.
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PMID:Alcoholic ketoacidosis in a pregnant woman. 11 97

Marked weight loss with cachexia together with severe depression and pain from symmetrical peripheral neuropathy were noted in a 66-year-old man, known to have had diabetes for six years, which required insulin on admission to hospital. The patient died of bronchopneumonia after one year. The severe neuropathy was proven both neurophysiologically and at necropsy. There was no diabetic retinopathy and no histological evidence of renal glomerulosclerosis. There was no evidence of a malignant tumour either clinically or at necropsy.
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PMID:[Diabetic neuropathic cachexia (author's transl)]. 44 96

Pain threshold elevations induced in rats following acute exposure to stressful cold-water swims and to inescapable foot shocks are significantly attenuated by hypophysectomy. The present study investigated the effects of hypophysectomy upon the dose-dependent and time-dependent analgesia induced by morphine and by the glucoprivic agents, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and insulin. Two reflex pain tests, the tail-pinch and the flinch-jump were employed. In normal rats, insulin induced prolonged (180 min) analgesia at doses of 16 U/kg on the tail-pinch test and 256 U/kg on the flinch-jump test. However, the same agents induced small and brief pain threshold elevations in hypophysectomized animals. By contrast, though 2-DG increased both measures in both groups, its effects were more marked in hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomized rats also exhibited a potentiated analgesic effect on both tests following high doses of morphine. On the other hand, low doses of morphine transiently increased tail-pinch thresholds in normal, but not hypophysectomized subjects. These data provide further evidence of multiple pain-inhibitory mechanisms in which the pituitary plays a complex, but integral part.
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PMID:Differential effects of hypophysectomy upon analgesia induced by two glucoprivic stressors and morphine. 50 10

Severe abdominal pain and tenderness occured in 46 of 211 episodes of severe diabetic metabolic decompensation. No association was found between abdominal pain and the degree of dehydration or the initial blood glucose level. In 17 instances, the abdominal pain could be attributed to the precipitating cause of the metabolic decompensation. The episodes of unexplained pain all occurred insulin-dependent patients less than 40 years of age; of these, only three had a plasma bicarbonate level greater than 10 mEq/liter, and in two patients, additional factors could account for the relative lack of ketoacidosis. Abdominal pain occurring in patients more than 40 years old, irrespective of the plasma bicarbonate level, and in patients of any age with a plasma bicarbonate level in excess of 10 mEq/liter, almost invariably indicates a specific underlying cause.
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PMID:Abdominal pain in diabetic metabolic decompensation. Clinical significance. 80 54

The results of intrauterine contraception using four different types of Antigen devices in 118 insulin-treated diabetic women are reported. The patients were followed for a total of 24 months. Cumulative closure rates for the 1st year were as follows: pregnancy, 3.5; expulsion, 13.1; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 7.9; and planned pregnancy, 1.2, giving a continuation rate of 74.3. Cumulative closure rates after 24 months were as follows: pregnancy, 6.5; expulsion, 14.4; removal for bleeding and/or pain, 17.1; and planned pregnancy, 8.3, giving a continuation rate of 56.7. These results are not significantly different from those found by us in nondiabetic women, No serious side effects occurred, in particular no pelvic inflammations or perforations. Intrauterine contraception using the Antigon appears to be a well-suited method for diabetic women.
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PMID:Intrauterine contraception in diabetic women. 84 18

1 Intracerebroventricular injection of prostanglandin F2alpha (10-40 microgram) decreases food intake in a dose-dependent manner in rats trained to consume their daily total food intake in a 2 h period. 2 This anorexia is also observed in satiated rats, which had ad libitum access to food. 3 The anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha is not modified by changes in the internal environment of the body after food intake, such as increased blood glucose and insulin levels and decreased fatty acid levels, or by the presence or absence of food in the stomach, as is evident from the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha in partially satiated rats. 4 The anorexia is not due to pain or irritative properties of prostaglandin F2alpha since induction of comparable pain with 3% acetic acid does not affect food intake in rats deprived of food for 22 hours. 5 Anorectic doses of prostaglandin F2alpha when injected intraperitoneally cause hypothermia. 6 The results suggest that the inhibitory activity of prostaglandin F2alpha on food intake is at both peripheral and central sites. 7 Prostaglandin F2alpha-induced anorexia is associated with the behavioural tranquilization that is seen after the ingestion of food.
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PMID:Some observations on the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha. 89 Feb 8

A peculiar involvement of the interphalangeal joints of both hands with palmar flexion of the fingers has been observed in 11 insulin-treated, nonrheumatoid, juvenile diabetics. The onset of diabetes occurred between 1 and 12 years of age. Painless deformities of the fingers with progressive stiffness and impaired extension started 4 to 10 years later. One patient complained of articular pain and swelling. X-ray and circulatory changes were absent or minimal. Prepubertal patients showed delayed puberty and stunted growth, adult patients had normal sexual development. Rheumatic or rheumatoid signs were absent. Electromyography showed minor abnormalities of the motor units, normal or subnormal motor nerve conduction velocity, increased median nerve terminal latency, in the absence of muscular atrophy or thickening of palmar tendons. Vibratory sensitivity was impaired in 1 subject. Juvenile cheiroarthropathy is associated with: a) early onset and poor control of diabetes; b) stunted growth; c) hepatomegaly; d) delayed puberty; e) long standing administration of insulin. The articular changes are distinct from previously known forms of "diabetic hand", such as atrophic neuropathy, osteoarthropathy, Dupuytren's contracture, carpal tunnel syndrome.
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PMID:Juvenile diabetic cheiroarthropathy. 97 70

A case report is presented of a 38-year-old alcoholic welfare patient. Drainage of a pancreatic abscess, which had to be repeated, pyloromyotomy, cholecystectomy and sphincterotomy were undertaken in 1972 at another hospital. He was admitted on the present occasion because of weight loss, severe attacks of pain and diabetes. At operation multiple necrotic areas were found in the pancreas, with many stones in the parenchymatous tissue and in the main pancreatic duct and one large stone close to the pailla acting like a valve. Sub-total duodenopancreatectomy, resection of the pyloric region of the stomach, retrocolic hepaticojejunostomy and gastroenteroanastomosis was performed. The postoperative recovery took place without complications. 5 days after discharge the patient died in a hypoglycaemic coma at another hospital. He had administered 400 U. insulin to himself whilst in a drunken state. A short description is given of the aetiology and pathogenesis of calcifying pancreatitis. The choice of the surgical technique depends on the operative findings and the aim of therapy. Attention is called to the increase in late mortality in patients with pancreatectomy who do not abstain from alcohol.
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PMID:[Fatal outcome of a case with calcifying alcoholic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. 97 84


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