Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: HUMANGGP:034761 (insulin)
 211,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.
 ...
PMID:The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review. 9 95

The female patient initially showed the acquired type of total lipoatrophy at about 8 years of age. At 12 years of age, the onset of diabetes mellitus was speculated from advanced pyodermia and dedentition. At 29 years of age, glucosuria was found, and she developed proteinuria, ascites, and pretibial edema. The physical examination revealed: hepatosplenomegaly, complete absence of subcutanous fat, cutaneous xanthomas, and emaciated facies with pronounced zygomatic arches. Diabetic retinopathy was revealed in the ophthalmological examination, and nephropathy was evident in renal biopsy specimens. She also had peripheral diabetic neuropathy. No adipose tissue was found in the mesenterium under peritoneoscopy. The hepatic biopsy specimen revealed advanced portal liver cirrhosis. Laboratory findings included: hyperlipidemia, elevation of BMR without evidence of hyperthyroidism, impaired renal function, and undetected anti-insulin antibodies and anti-insulin antibodies. Endocrinological examinations revealed normal value, except for an impaired hGH response in the arginine test. C-peptide immunoreactivity was high. Her condition was fairly well controlled by 140 units of insulin injection daily.
 ...
PMID:Lipoatrophic diabetes. Report of a case. 15 92

The underlying cause leading to the reversible functional changes in the microcirculation of insulin-dependent diabetic subjects early during the disease prior to any clinical signs of retinopathy and nephropathy (functional microangiopathy) is discussed. It is suggested that the initial microvascular dilation observed in diabetics is due to an autoregulatory response to relative tissue hypoxia providing an increased tissue perfusion in order to improve tissue oxygen delivery. Supporting evidence for this suggestion is derived from the findings that diabetics simultaneously may show increased tissue oxygen consumption and decreased ability of the circulating blood to release oxygen to the tissues. The latter defect is likely to be caused by two interrelated factors: 1. an increased proportion of haemoglobin A1c with high oxygen affinity, and 2. difficulties of maintaining a sufficiently high concentration of plasma inorganic phosphate in order to provide an optimal 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content in the erythrocytes. The basal oxygen demand of diabetics may fluctuate even within a few hours dependent upon the state of metabolic control and is increased at times of poor regulation. Hence, diabetics may suffer from innumerable cellular hypoxic injuries, which during the first years of the disease are counteracted in the microcirculation by an autoregulatory response. These microvascular reactions associated with increased plasma permeation may over the years be of major importance for the development of the degenerative microangiopathy in diabetes.
 ...
PMID:The problem of tissue oxygenation in diabetes mellitus. I. Its relation to the early functional changes in the microcirculation of diabetic subjects. 23 27

Forty patients (including 37 juvenile diabetic patients) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure received 42 renal allografts during the interval from June 1970 to December 1975. Of the 30 patients who are alive (between six and 72 months after transplantation; average, 29 months), 19 have been fully rehabilitated. Gangrene of peripheral extremities occurred in 30% of the survivors. The use of "pretreated" cadaveric kidneys in the diabetic patient may become an attractive alternative to grafts from living related donors. Renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaveric donor kidneys is the treatment of choice and is superior to dialysis in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.
 ...
PMID:Renal transplantation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 32 Mar 53

A case can be made that life expectancy has been prolonged in the diabetic, and some disabling symptoms have been ameliorated by the more recent procedures employed in the management of coronary artery disease and nephropathy. At the same time, the procedures described admittedly present problems and may not be generally available to the vast majority of diabetics. The definitive answer lies in attempting to control diabetes to prevent the development of these and other complications. A number of laboratories are attempting to develop an artificial pancreas or islet transplantation to substitute for the insulin secretory capacity that has been lost or impaired. This is an area of research that demands the highest priority. One cannot be confident that present therapeutic programs can be altered to provide the type of diabetic control necessary for the prevention of complications.
 ...
PMID:Potentially lethal complications of diabetes mellitus. 35 5

Pancreatic islet cell, thyroid, and gastric antibodies were studied in 116 young insulin-dependent diabetics and 257 relatives. Seventy-four per cent of the diabetics studied within three months of diagnosis had islet-cell antibodies but only 20% of those studied three years or more after diagnosis. Persistence of these antibodies was associated with a high prevalence of thyrogastric autoimmunity, which suggests that some cases have an aetiology similar to that of "polyendocrine" autoimmune disease. Retinopathy or nephropathy, or both, was present in 10 diabetics, who were all members of "autoimmune" families, in which one or more members had organ-specific antibodies. Nine of the 10 healthy relatives with islet-cell antibodies and all families with more than one diabetic were also in this autoimmune group. These data suggest that an autoimmune factor may contribute to juvenile diabetes and that such autoimmune diabetes has a tendency to run in families and may be more likely to cause complications.
 ...
PMID:Autoimmunity in juvenile diabetics and their families. 35 41

Arteriosclerotic heart disease is a major cause of death in insulin-requiring juvenile diabetic patients treated for end-stage renal disease. Eleven consecutive diabetic patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease underwent complete cardiac evaluations, including coronary arteriography, as part of transplant recipient work-ups. Seven were women and four were men; their mean age was 32 (21 to 50 years). Angiographically, every patient had multifocal atherosclerotic coronary disease. Four of seven patients tested had positive-stress electrocardiograms. In this group of patients followed for a mean of 19.8 months, eight died. Of these deaths, six were due to coronary heart disease and another due to a stroke. In two patients who became clinically symptomatic, serial angiograms revealed progressive disease of the coronary circulation; in one case, despite normal renal allograft function and serum lipid levels. The mode of end-stage renal disease treatment, serum lipids or blood pressure control could not be linked to mortality. It is concluded that arteriosclerotic heart disease is common in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease even when angina is absent. The natural history in this high risk population is an important consideration in the selection of patients for end-stage renal disease treatment.
 ...
PMID:Natural history of asymptomatic coronary arteriographic lesions in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. 36 Aug 37

Twenty-one insulin-dependent diabetics with azotemic nephropathy were evaluated for renal transplantation by selective coronary angiography and cine left ventriculography. All had hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, and required salt restriction plus diuretics for volume overload. There was no clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic coronary artery disease in twenty. Ten patients (five males, five females, mean age 29.3 years; mean duration of diabetes 21.9 years; mean serum cholesterol 239 mg%) had significant coronary artery disease, seven demonstrating focal abnormalities in left ventricular wall motion. Two patients (one male, one female; mean age 36.5 years; mean duration of diabetes 28.5 years; mean serum cholesterol 250 mg%) had no significant coronary artery disease, but demonstrated diffusely abnormal left ventricular wall motion with diminished ejection fraction. Thirty-eight percent had significant coronary artery disease unpredictable by electrocardiographic or clinical data. The finding of no significant coronary artery disease in 52% of a group with severe renal-hypertensive complications of diabetes is surprising. Two patients may have a demonstrated cardiomyopathy.
 ...
PMID:Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiographic assessment of diabetics evaluated for renal transplantation. 36 Dec 77

Renal disease, particularly glomerulosclerosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Signaled by the onset of proteinuria after 15 or more years of insulin therapy, progressive renal insufficiency due to glomerulosclerosis terminates in uremia within five years. Although some patients have benefited from chronic dialysis programs, the outcome in uremic diabetics has been considerably better if successful renal transplantation can be accomplished. Extrarenal complications of diabetes mellitus and recurrence of diabetic lesions in transplanted kidneys have hampered the recovery and rehabilitation of transplant recipients. Other renal diseases encountered in juvenile diabetics are reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Grand rounds: Nashville VA Hospital--Vanderbilt University. Saturday conference: renal disease in the juvenile diabetic. 37 Oct 5

Sixty-one patients with end-stage renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy received 68 renal allografts from June 1970 to February 1978. Patient and graft survival results equaled those for nondiabetic patients, as reported by the Human Renal Transplant Registry (HRTR). Renal allografts from siblings or pretreated cadaver donors had a significantly longer survival time than did allografts from nonpretreated cadaver donors. It is concluded that renal transplantation with living related and pretreated cadaver donor kidneys continues to be the treatment of choice and is superior to other forms of treatment in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient with end-stage renal disease.
 ...
PMID:Renal transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus--revisited. 37 94


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>