Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: HUMANGGP:034761 (insulin)
 211,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Islet-cell deterioration in juvenile diabetes mellitus may be due to an autoimmune reaction, possibly involving both circulating islet-cell antibodies and an inflammatory process in the islets of Langerhans. Replacement of deteriorated islet cells by implantation of normal ones is now under investigation in many laboratories. The present study does not support the assumption that such islet transplants should be affected in the same way as the endogenous islets. Diabetic mice with a cell-mediated immune reaction to their pancreatic islets, induced by repeated injections of low doses of streptozotocin, were used as recipients. Isogeneic islets implanted intrasplenically in these animals were as effective in producing normoglycaemia as were those injected into animals made diabetic with a single bolus dose of streptozotocin. No inflammatory reaction was seen in the implanted islets, irrespective of the regimen of the preceding streptozotocin treatment. This finding suggests that islet-cell implantation may be attempted in insulin-requiring diabetic patients, even if the cause of the disorder is an inflammatory lesion of the patient's own islets.
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PMID:Islet implantation normalises hyperglycaemia caused by streptozotocin-induced insulitis. Experiments in mice. 8 67

Combined renal and pancreatic transplantation in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency is designed to improve the poor prognosis observed with hemodialysis or renal transplantation alone. Interest has recently shifted from pancreatic organ to islet transplantation, in view of the absence of complications with the latter. However, no permanent success with islet transplants in diabetic patients has so far been reported. In the series presented, one patient with juvenile diabetes and subsequent renal failure was successfully treated with simultaneous kidney and intrasplenic pancreatic islet allotransplants. One year after the operation the patient has normal blood glucose levels without exogenous insulin, despite treatment with prednisone.
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PMID:[Successful allotransplantation of an island of Langerhans]. 11 44

The frequency of latent disorders of glucose regulation during pheochromocytoma, is evaluated at 75% of cases. Detailed analysis of 83 cases with a diabetic state, gave the following results: insulin dependent diabetes, 37 cases. Non-insulin dependent, 14 cases. Latent diabetes, 32 cases. The characteristics of the insulin-dependent diabetes were not always suggestive. Insulin dependency was, however, unusual above a certain age. We noted loss of weight in spite of good control of the diabetes, the absence of acidosis and ketosis contrasting with rapid loss of weight. In fact, it is above all the hypertension which should lead to diagnosis. Surgical operation, cures or improves considerably the diabetic state, thus proving the symptomatic nature of this diabetes.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus in pheochromocytoma]. 18 6

There is considerable evidence that at least some cases of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in humans are a result of viral infection. Viral-induced diabetes in mice may provide an experimental counterpart more similar to the clinical situation than chemical-induced diabetes. Our experiments in such mice indicate that islet transplantation is effective in ameliorating viral-induced diabetes and is encouraging for ultimate clinical application of islet transplantation to juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetics. In addition, our results show that islets in ectopic sites outside of the pancreas are resistant to damage induced by primary viral infection. The mechanism of this resistance is obscure and will be the subject of future investigations.
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PMID:Encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes mellitus treated by islet transplantation. 21 67

Islet-cell antibodies were detected in 11 of the 67 patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. These antibodies reacted with all endocrine-islet cells, although higher serum dilutions and different staining intensity of the various islet cells were noted. Antibody formation to islet antigens was found to be closely associated with HLA B8 (P = 0.03). However, there was no relationship between islet-cell antibody production and insulin antibody formation. The demonstration of pancreatic islet-cell antibodies, particularly in HLA B8-positive juvenile diabetics, constitutes further circumstantial evidence of a genetically determined auto-immune pathogenesis in some patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. 33 98

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in contrast to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is associated with HLA factors B8, BW15, and B18. Recent studies have shown the association to be even stronger with HLA, DW3, and DW4 and have produced evidence for the existence of two "diabetogenic" genes predisposing to insulin-dependent diabetes in different ways. Evidence to suggest the existence of a gene--associated with DW2--that protects against the disease is accumulating. Islet cell antibodies are a feature of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and can be seen, in most cases, at the time of diagnosis.
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PMID:HLA, islet cell antibodies, and types of diabetes mellitus. 34 16

In order to investigate whether patients with long-standing juvenile diabetes mellitus (onset of diabetes before the age of 30) and a low daily insulin requirement (less than 0.50 units/kg body weight) still have functioning B-cells, plasma C-peptide was determined after stimulation (OGTT and glucagon/tolbutamide) in 64 patients with diabetes of more than 18 years' duration (mean 31 years). Measurable endogenous insulin production was found in 24% of the patients. The prevalence of severe retinopathy was lower in the secretors than in the non-secretor group. There was no difference in insulin antibody concentration between the two groups. Furthermore, the insulin requirement in the secretor group was relatively constant during the course of diabetes. Metabolic control was similar in both groups. It is concluded that a persisting but low activity of endogenous insulin production can be found in many long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement, while others without any residual beta-cell function develop a low insulin requirement for unknown reasons.
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PMID:Persistent insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide estimation in long-term juvenile diabetics with a low insulin requirement. 35 94

Insulin dependent (IDD) and non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) are separate disorders. Twin studies show that IDD cannot be entirely due to genetic causes as concordance is no more than about 50%, but there is some inherited predisposition to it as shown by HLA patterns. NIDD, on the other hand, is predominantly due to genetic causes since identical twins are nearly always concordant. Many cases of NIDD show chlorpropamide alcohol flushing (CPAF), a dominantly inherited feature which may precede the appearance of diabetes and thus act as a genetic marker for this type of diabetes. Diabetics who show chlorpropamide acohol flushing are less likely to develop retinopathy than those who do not. Genetic factors must therefore affect the incidence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing is due to sensitivity to enkephalin. Enkephalin and other opioids affect carbohydrate metabolism and insulin release. It is possible therefore that they act as neurotransmitters and cause NIDD by a sympathetically mediated effect on the liver and pancreas--in other words, that as far as NIDD is concerned Claude Bernard's views on the cause of diabetes may have been right.
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PMID:Diabetes: the genetic connections. 39

The clinical features seen in 27 Ethiopian juvenile diabetics, which were similar to those of juvenile diabetics elsewhere, are summarized in this first published report from an African country of childhood diabetes. Control was difficult and admission to hospital frequent because of poverty, uncontrolled diets and irregular supplies of insulin. This group of childhood diabetics represents 9.8% of patients attending a diabetic clinic in Addis Ababa. Survey of the published information on diabetes mellitus in African populations reveals that most series do contain several children and a significant number of teenagers. It is concluded that juvenile diabetes mellitus is not rare in African countries.
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PMID:Juvenile diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians. 39 28

Eight insulin-dependent non pregnant (IDD-NP), 10 insulin-dependent pregnant (IDD-P) and 9 pregnant control women were studied. During intravenous arginine challenge (ATT) there were lower glucose and higher glucagon plasma levels in the IDD-P when compared to the IDD-NP. IRG levels in response to ATT were also significantly higher in diabetic than in non diabetic control pregnant women. These results seem to indicate that pregnancy in diabetic women, in contrast to that observed in normal women, enhances glucagon secretion with impairment of the physiological mechanism of the facilitated anabolism present in normal pregnancy.
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PMID:Influence of pregnancy on glucagon levels in insulin-dependent diabetic women. 39 52


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