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Fifteen subjects were presented with series of tones. Any one tone was either loud or soft, and in any one series the probability of one tone intensity was either 0.9 or 0.1. Subjects were instructed to count the frequent tones or to count the rare tones. The stimuli were also presented while the subjects were solving a word-puzzle. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 9 scalp locations (F3, C3, P3, FZ, CZ, PZ, F4, C4, P4) referred to linked mastoids. ERP components were measured with a Principal Components analysis and the relations between these measures and the independent variables were evaluated with the ANOVA procedure. This paradigm allowed an evaluation of the effect of stimulus probability, stimulus relevance, and task relevance on the waveform of the ERPs. We conclude that the P350 component is enhanced whenever the eliciting stimulus is both rare and in some sense relevant to the subject's task and the degree of enhancement is greatest when the rare--relevant tone is loud. A "slow wave" component which follows P350 is related to the same variables but has a scalp distribution quite different from that of P350. The slow wave shows a progressive shift in polarity from negative to positive from the frontal to the parietal sites, while the P350 is of nearly equal amplitude (and positive) at the central and parietal sites and has a smaller (positive) and amplitude at FZ. A third prominent component, negative in polarity, peaking at about 210 msec, is most pronounced following rare stimuli, whether or not they were task relevant. The amplitude of N210 tended to be largest at the frontal electrode. This study then demonstrates that when suitable measurement techniques are used, multiple endogenous ERP components can be observed, each related to distinct aspects of cognitive behavior.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1977 Jan
PMID:On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components. 6 41

Examined differences in the number and types of problems as well as in self-reported self-concept between 232 middle and low SES pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. The study also examined differences in these variables across four developmental levels of menarcheal status: Initial, Intermediate, Middle, and Established. These data were analyzed by a multiple ANOVA technique, and significant differences were found between pre- and postmenarcheal girls and between the two social class groups. Postmenarcheal adolescents had more problems, but were also higher on self-concept variables. Low SES females experienced the menarche earlier than middle class SES females, had different problems, and described themselves differently on the self-concept measures. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that menarche onset is a positive event for most young females.
J Clin Psychol 1979 Jul
PMID:Self-concept and identified problem differences between pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. 48 36

Three major sources of variation affecting serum cholesterol and serum total lipid concentration values were studied in a group of healthy men. The first source of variation, analytic error, was separated into pre-instrumental and instrumental components. The pre-instrumental component, which consisted of all uncertainties occurring from the instant of venipuncture to the entrance of the sample into the instrument, was statistically significant for total lipids. The second major source of variation-preparation of the subject-was evaluated for four major stresses: diet, exercise, posture prior to venipuncture, and duration of tourniquet application. Diet affected total lipids, while the specifics of posture and tourniquet application were statistically significant for both serum cholesterol and total lipids. The third source of variation considered was the within-day and the day-to-day changes. Within-day changes were divided into within-hour and hour-to-hour effects. Day-to-day changes occurred over a two-week period. The magnitude and statistical significance of the changes were evaluated using an ANOVA model. The C.V.'s of day-to-day changes for cholesterol and total lipids (biologic) were 5.3% and 10.2%, respectively while the hour-to-hour within-day C.V.'s were 3.8% for cholesterol and 10.4% for serum total lipids. In all cases the biologic variation was in far excess of the analytic variation. The significance of these factors affecting intraindividual variation in healthy subject is discussed.
Am J Clin Pathol 1976 Dec
PMID:Variations of cholesterol and total lipid concentrations in sera of healthy young men. Differentiating analytic error from biologic variability. 99 66

1. Serum iron concentration values were determined on a group of 11 healthy young men on blood specimens which were drawn at various hours of the day: 800 h, 1100 h, and 1400 h; on each of four separate days. 2. using a three-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) model, we determined the diurnal variation both for the group as a whole (main hour effect) and for the individual subjects (subject-hour and subject-day-hour interactions). 3. the total combined within-day variation as expressed in coefficients of variation was 12.9% with the peak value seen at 1400 h. 4. on a separate study, blood specimens were obtained at 1100 h on five separate days during a two week period on the same volunteers. 5. using a two-way ANOVA model (subject and day) the day-to-day coefficient of variation was found to be 26.6% for the group. In both cases (within-day and day-to-day) the biological variation was considerably greater than the analytic variation.
Clin Biochem 1976 Feb
PMID:Variation of serum iron concentration in young healthy men: Within-day and day-to-day changes. 124 8

WAIS Verbal and Performance IQ scores were obtained from medical records of 500 psychiatric inpatients recently admitted to a large university hospital. With a subsample of the original 500 patients for whom there was diagnostic agreement between two independent clinicians, a multivariate analysis of variance was carried out to determine the extent to which the Verbal and Performance scores discriminated among eight diagnostic categories into which patients were classified. In the multivariate ANOVA, statistical techniques were employed to control for concomitant background variation that otherwise might have been confounded with true diagnostic group differences in Verbal and Performance IQ. Although mentally retarded and organic brain syndrome patients could be distinguished significantly from other diagnostic groups on the basis of their lower total IQ scores, the data did not support the persistent clinical belief that functional psychiatric disorders differed in the WAIS measurement space.
J Clin Psychol 1976 Jan
PMID:Verbal and performance IQ for discrimination among psychiatric diagnostic groups. 124 13

1. Basal and haemorrhage-stimulated erythropoietin (Epo) and ACTH levels were measured in the chronically cannulated immature ovine foetus (less than 125 days) by radio immunoassay (RIA). 2. Basal erythropoietin levels were found to be higher than those previously reported in the late gestation (greater than 130 days) ovine foetus, but were lower than those observed in the neonatal lamb. 3. In control foetuses (Protocol 1) the small degree of haemorrhage associated with the sampling procedure increased the plasma Epo values from 11.4 +/- 3.0 (n = 5) mU/mL to 23.8 +/- 4.3 mU/mL at 24 h (mean +/- s.e.m.). There was a significant monotonic increase with time (F = 16.4; d.f. 1,19; P = 0.001). An initial haemorrhage of approximately 10% blood volume (Protocol 2) increased plasma Epo values from 7.3 +/- 2.3 to 24.2 +/- 7.1 mU/mL (n = 3). 4. Haemorrhage of 20% fetal blood volume (Protocol 3) produced an increase in plasma Epo from 9.3 +/- 1.7 to 54.7 +/- 15.5 mU/mL at 6 h and to 57.6 +/- 7.3 mU/mL at 24 h (n = 5). By repeated measures ANOVA, the effect of the 20% haemorrhage was significant when compared with the control group (F = 7.32, d.f. 2,16, P = 0.006). There was a significantly greater decrease in haematocrit (F = 6.7, d.f. 2,20, P = 0.004) and haemoglobin (F = 5.0, d.f. 2,20, P = 0.013) in animals of Protocol 3 than in those of Protocol 1. 5. Fetal blood gases and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) did not alter with haemorrhage, indicating the tolerance of the foetus to this degree of haemorrhage.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1992 Jul
PMID:The effect of graded haemorrhage on erythropoietin production in the immature ovine foetus. 132 38

Experimental evidence indicates that arginine vasopressin (AVP) contributes to the release of ACTH under certain conditions. The present study investigates the role of vasopressin as a secretagogue of ACTH during cigarette smoking or nicotine infusion with additional injection of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and using the specific AVP antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP. We first tested the effect of the AVP antagonist (10 micrograms/kg body weight i.v.) on ACTH and cortisol release following cigarette smoking in 15 healthy young male smokers. Smoking led to marked increments in plasma nicotine and to a small rise in plasma ACTH and cortisol. Mean plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were at no time significantly altered by the antagonist. This might be due to a slight agonistic effect of the AVP antagonist, to high interindividual variability of the ACTH and cortisol responses after smoking or to a negligible role of AVP in smoking-induced ACTH release. In a second study we performed the following tests in six healthy male non-smokers: (1) nicotine infusion (1.0 micrograms/kg body weight per min); (2) CRH i.v. (100 micrograms); (3) AVP antagonist i.v. (5 micrograms/kg); (4) nicotine infusion plus CRH i.v.; (5) nicotine infusion plus AVP antagonist i.v.; (6) nicotine infusion plus CRH and AVP antagonist i.v.; and (7) sham infusion. Nicotine infusion led to greater increments of AVP, ACTH and cortisol than smoking without causing nausea. Peak nicotine levels after nicotine infusion were lower than after smoking. The AVP antagonist in the reduced dosage given alone had no effect on hormone levels. However, it slightly attenuated the effect of nicotine on ACTH and cortisol (P less than 0.05, ANOVA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clin Investig
PMID:The role of vasopressin in the nicotine-induced stimulation of ACTH and cortisol in men. 132 53

1. Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in male Wistar rats, and angiotensin-converting enzyme measured in plasma and mesenteric vessels 3 weeks later. 2. Diabetes was associated with increased mesenteric wet weight/bodyweight ratio (control 0.2 s.e.m. 0.02 mg/g, n = 21, vs diabetes 1.0 s.e.m. 0.3 mg/g, n = 27, P less than 0.01, ANOVA). 3. Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was increased in diabetic rats (98 s.e.m. 3 nmol HL/mL per min) compared with controls (64 s.e.m. 6 nmol HL/mL per min, P less than 0.01, ANOVA). 4. Mesenteric vessel angiotensin-converting enzyme was increased in diabetes mellitus estimated by radioligand binding site density (fmol/mg protein; 1407 s.e.m. 166 fmol/mg protein) compared with controls (890 s.e.m. 56 fmol/mg protein, P less than 0.05, ANOVA) and by enzyme kinetic assay (diabetes, 15.5 s.e.m. 1.5 nmol HL/mg protein per min, controls, 8.3 s.e.m. 0.7 nmol HL/mg protein per min, P less than 0.01, ANOVA). The equilibrium dissociation constant of ligand-angiotensin-converting enzyme interaction was unchanged. 5. Increased vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration may contribute to vascular hypertrophy and diabetic vasculopathy by increased local synthesis of angiotensin II.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1992 May
PMID:Mesenteric vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme is increased in experimental diabetes mellitus. 132 83

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms in alcoholics were objectively evaluated and classified into three groups according to the severity of their symptoms, and circadian variation in their plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations was determined at three different intervals after cessation of drinking. The subjects studied were 19 male alcoholic patients and five age-matched healthy male volunteers. Circadian variation in plasma HVA was compared between each patient group and the control group by two-way ANOVA. In the sympathetic overactivity (SO) group comprising nine patients and in the clouding of sensorium (CS) group comprising five patients, plasma HVA concentrations on the 2nd and 3rd day and on the 6th and 7th day after cessation of drinking were low but recovered almost normal levels on the 21st and 22nd postcessation day. The delirium tremens group (DT) comprising five patients, however, showed significantly higher plasma HVA than the control group except on the 6th and 7th postcessation day. The higher plasma HVA in the DT group indicates that there is some sort of preparatory state whereby dopamine metabolism is involved in the appearance of hallucinations at alcohol withdrawal and can possibly be used as a predictor of otherwise hardly predictable delirium tremens.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992 Dec
PMID:Circadian variation in plasma homovanillic acid level during and after alcohol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. 133 20

Ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal leads to a fall in blood pressure but does not change orthostatic tolerance in healthy elderly subjects. Much smaller effects are observed in young subjects, but studies have only been performed in the morning. The purpose of this study was to compare orthostatic responses and the effect of a high carbohydrate meal in the morning and in the afternoon in young subjects. Fourteen healthy, young subjects (four female, mean BMI = 22.0 kg/m2, age range 21-27 years) were studied on two occasions, in the morning (0830 h) and in the afternoon (16.30 h) on separate days. Blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were measured noninvasively before and after the ingestion of a standard meal with 76-77% of the energy being provided by carbohydrate. Time of day had no effect on blood pressure and heart rate responses to tilting after food. Cardiac output fell significantly during tilting in the fasted state. In the morning there was a progressive fall in cardiac output with a decrease of 0.83 l/min at 45 degrees (95% confidence interval of the change -1.37 to -0.27 to l/min) and a fall of a further 0.15 l/min at 75 degrees. By contrast in the afternoon cardiac output fell 0.84 l/min at 45 degrees (95% confidence interval of the change -1.31 to -0.35 l/min) and then rose by 0.61 l/min on tilting to 75 degrees (95% confidence interval of the change +0.22 to +0.98 l/min. Interaction effect p = 0.02 ANOVA). Supine cardiac output increased after food ingestion at both times of day (p less than 0.01 ANOVA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clin Auton Res 1992 Aug
PMID:The effect of time of day on orthostatic tolerance and the cardiovascular effects of a high carbohydrate meal in healthy young subjects. 139 45


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