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The attitudes and knowledge of pharmacists in Nebraska regarding children's learning disabilities were surveyed by questionnaire. One hundred thirty-three pharmacists responded. The results were analyzed according to type of practice (community, chain and hospital) and age (20--30 years, 31--40 years, 41--50 years, and 51 years and over). The results indicate that pharmacists are being asked about learning disabilities. Overall, 53% of the pharmacists responding had been asked about learning disabilities by parents, physicians, teachers or others. No significant interactions were found between the type of practice and age, and no significant main effect for type of practice was found in the ANOVA results for knowledge scores or attitude scores. Even though there were no differences owing to age in pharmacists' knowledge of learning disabilities, age was found to have a significant effect on attitudes toward increased pharmacist involvement in monitoring behaviors of learning-disabled children; the younger groups had a more positive attitude. The pharmacist seems to have the knowledge and attitudes required to become more actively involved in monitoring the medications and behaviors of children with learning disabilities.
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PMID:Pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes regarding monitoring the behaviors of children with learning disabilities. 2 39

Fifteen subjects were presented with series of tones. Any one tone was either loud or soft, and in any one series the probability of one tone intensity was either 0.9 or 0.1. Subjects were instructed to count the frequent tones or to count the rare tones. The stimuli were also presented while the subjects were solving a word-puzzle. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 9 scalp locations (F3, C3, P3, FZ, CZ, PZ, F4, C4, P4) referred to linked mastoids. ERP components were measured with a Principal Components analysis and the relations between these measures and the independent variables were evaluated with the ANOVA procedure. This paradigm allowed an evaluation of the effect of stimulus probability, stimulus relevance, and task relevance on the waveform of the ERPs. We conclude that the P350 component is enhanced whenever the eliciting stimulus is both rare and in some sense relevant to the subject's task and the degree of enhancement is greatest when the rare--relevant tone is loud. A "slow wave" component which follows P350 is related to the same variables but has a scalp distribution quite different from that of P350. The slow wave shows a progressive shift in polarity from negative to positive from the frontal to the parietal sites, while the P350 is of nearly equal amplitude (and positive) at the central and parietal sites and has a smaller (positive) and amplitude at FZ. A third prominent component, negative in polarity, peaking at about 210 msec, is most pronounced following rare stimuli, whether or not they were task relevant. The amplitude of N210 tended to be largest at the frontal electrode. This study then demonstrates that when suitable measurement techniques are used, multiple endogenous ERP components can be observed, each related to distinct aspects of cognitive behavior.
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PMID:On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components. 6 41

Behavioral comparisons between six caged baboon groups indicate that the groups have consistent and similar behavioral attributes. At the same time it is possible to distinguish between classes of animals in each group such as males versus females and high status versus low status rank. Comparable results are obtained in both ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. This investigation supports the assumption that baboon groups exhibit behaviors that are both consistent and predictable where environment and group composition are controlled. Thus there appears to be a strong species-appropriate set of behaviors. Behavioral plasticity and group variability might be due largely to a combination of environmental stimuli and the particular history of that group. Differential individual histories or idiosyncracies do not invalidate experimental designs which rely on randomization to structure control groups.
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PMID:Is the concept of "control group" valid? A quantitative comparison of behavior of caged baboon groups. 10 9

This study identifies and compares perceptions of school personnel (principals, teachers, counselors and school nurses) about the nurse's role in secondary school settings. A two-art questionnaire was utilized. Part one elicited descriptive data, while part two consisted of 50 Likert-type items related to the school nurse's role. Mean perception scores on the 50 items were obtained by job category and compared using a one-way ANOVA. Chi-square analyses were performed on the frequencies of scale values to determine if their distributions, by item, were the same for all job categories. Correlation coefficients were utilized to determine relationships between training levels, experience, direct contact and perceptions. Analyses revealed: (1) Significant differences in perceptions of the school nurse's role between each group of educators and school nurses. (2) No significant relationship between training level, experience, number of contacts with the nurse and perceptions of the school nurse's role.
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PMID:Perceptions of the school nurse's role. 25 1

Immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were determined on blood samples drawn of 6 occasions over a 2-month period from 38 young patients with viral hepatitis. The main and joint effects of sex and day factors on mean Ig levels were studied by using a 2-way ANOVA model. No distinct pattern of variation was observed for IgA, IgG and IgD, whereas the mean values of IgM showed a statistically significant variation throughout the study period. Female patients had significantly higher mean Ig values than males; for each Ig-class, however, the day-to-day variation was very similar in the two sexes, as reflected by an unsignificant sex-day interaction. The results suggest that serial measurements of IgM levels can be useful for identifying those patients at risk of developing chronic hepatitis and for an early detection of viral hepatitis in persons at very high risk of contracting this disease.
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PMID:Concentration of serum immunoglobulins in acute and chronic hepatic diseases. II. Viral hepatitis; time-dependent changes in immunoglobulin concentration. 43 7

The present study was designed to examine the capability of a standardized battery of Luria's qualitative neuropsychological techniques in discriminating between right, left and diffuse brain-injured subjects. A total of sixty medically confirmed brain-damaged subjects were equally divided among the three groups. Subjects were assigned to two groups (right, left) according to medically proven lateralized brain injury to either the right or left hemisphere in the absence of verifiable insult to the opposite hemisphere. A third group was also selected in which medical evidence confirmed damage to both hemispheres (diffuse group). All three groups were matched for age and education. All subjects were tested on a standardized version of 269 Luria's qualitative neuropsychological test items. The items were divided into 11 sections based upon Luria's theory of brain function. Each of the 11 sections plus a right and a left hemisphere scale as well as an overall impairment scale yielded 14 summary measures of performance representing several areas of neuropsychological ability and overall severity of brain dysfunction. Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to compare the three groups on these 14 summary measures. Analysis of variance revealed on significant difference between the three groups on the Left scale with the left group performing poorest. Discriminant analysis predicted the status of 59 of 60 subjects correctly (98% hit rate). The implication of the lack of significant simple relationships (ANOVA) and the complex interrelationships found using the discriminant analysis were discussed in terms of the support these results provide for Luria's theory of brain function. The specific qualitative aspects of the test battery and their use in the diagnosis of lateralized brain injury were also discussed. Indications for future research were pointed out.
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PMID:The use of a standardized battery of Luria's tests in the diagnosis of lateralized cerebral dysfunction. 43 40

The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality was investigated in 32 subjects representing 4 discrete groups based on sex and age. Before and after a 10 week exercise programme of jogging, calisthenics, and recreational activities, a test battery was administered to assess functioning in a number of domains: intelligence (WAIS Digit Symbol and Block Design); brain function (Trail-Making); speed of performance (Crossing-Off); memory and learning (WMS Visual Reproduction and Associate Learning); morale and life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction and Control Ratings); anxiety (MAACL); and depression (MAACL). Improvement was observed on several physiological parameters. ANOVA revealed significant sex and age differences on Digit Symbol and Block Design and age differences on Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, Associate Learning, and anxiety. Regardless of sex and age, significant improvement in performance was observed from pre to post-test on Digit Symbol, Block Design, Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, and on Associate Learning. In addition, an increase on health status rating (p less than .01) and decrease in anxiety were observed from pre to post-test. These data illustrate beneficial effects of exercise on certain measures of cognitive functioning and personality.
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PMID:The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality. 48 82

In the last few years there have been several studies reported in the literature using bifactorial ANOVA designs for the description and/or explanation of developmental phenomena. As formulated by Schaie and Baltes, these bifactorial ANOVA designs consist of taking any two of age, cohort, or time of measurement as the independent variables. The logic of these designs is carefully considered with respect to answering descriptive and/or explanatory developmental questions. It is concluded that the employment of ANOVA in the manner recommended by Schaie and Baltes has led us down a blind alley with respect to addressing developmental phenomena. Much more reasonable data analysis designs are available for getting at the description and/or explanation of development, namely, regression techniques. The advantages of regression models as compared to ANOVA are discussed in the context of developmental data analysis. Disenagement theory is singled out for special attention in the context of the dialectic between the individual and the environment.
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PMID:Methdological issues in life-span developmental psychology from a dialectical perspective. 48 38

Examined differences in the number and types of problems as well as in self-reported self-concept between 232 middle and low SES pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. The study also examined differences in these variables across four developmental levels of menarcheal status: Initial, Intermediate, Middle, and Established. These data were analyzed by a multiple ANOVA technique, and significant differences were found between pre- and postmenarcheal girls and between the two social class groups. Postmenarcheal adolescents had more problems, but were also higher on self-concept variables. Low SES females experienced the menarche earlier than middle class SES females, had different problems, and described themselves differently on the self-concept measures. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that menarche onset is a positive event for most young females.
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PMID:Self-concept and identified problem differences between pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. 48 36

Seven male runners (21--42 years) were examined before and after the 1976 Boston Marathon to provide data concerning the cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from the performance. Treadmill runs, 30 min in duration, were administered 1 week prior to the marathon and 2--3, 6--7 and 13--15 days following. Treadmill speed was held constant and based on each runner's planned race pace. Maximal performance data were collected 1 week before and 2 weeks after the race. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (4 thirty min run data collection periods and 3 exercise time points--5, 15 and 30 min) and "t" tests. Treatment effects were not observed for either HR or VE, however, perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly elevated 2--3 and 6--7 days post-marathon and VO2 was significantly lower at 13--15 days. HR and RPE showed significant time effects indicating a non-steady state response. None of the maximal test variables were significantly displaced. All variables were returned to pre-marathon levels by 13--15 days except VO2 which was lower. Aerobic capacity was not a limiting factor in the recovery from a marathon run. Muscle soreness and stiffness seem to be related to the increased perceptual ratings following a marathon run.
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PMID:Cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from a marathon run. 52 33


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