Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: HUMANGGP:019459 (ERK2)
 3,473 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The crystal structure of human p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in complex with a potent and highly specific pyridinyl-imidazole inhibitor has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The structure of the kinase, which is in its unphosphorylated state, is similar to that of the closely-related ERK2. The inhibitor molecule is bound in the ATP pocket. A hydrogen bond is made between the pyridyl nitrogen of the inhibitor and the main chain amido nitrogen of residue 109, analogous to the interaction from the N1 atom of ATP. The crystal structure provides possible explanations for the specificity of this class of inhibitors. Other protein kinase inhibitors may achieve their specificity through a similar mechanism. The structure also reveals a possible second binding site for this inhibitor, with currently unknown function.
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PMID:A highly specific inhibitor of human p38 MAP kinase binds in the ATP pocket. 909

The structure of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 has been solved at 2.1-A to an R factor of 21.0%, making p38 the second low activity MAP kinase solved to date. Although p38 is topologically similar to the MAP kinase ERK2, the phosphorylation Lip (a regulatory loop near the active site) adopts a different fold in p38. The peptide substrate binding site and the ATP binding site are also different from those of ERK2. The results explain why MAP kinases are specific for different activating enzymes, substrates, and inhibitors. A model presented for substrate and activator interactions has implications for the evolution of protein kinase cascades.
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PMID:The structure of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 at 2.1-A resolution. 912 94

We tested whether activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) is required and sufficient for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in airway smooth muscle cells. First, we transiently cotransfected bovine tracheal myocytes with an epitope-tagged ERK2 and a dominant-negative or a constitutively active form of the gene encoding MEK1 and assessed ERK2 activation by in vitro phosphorylation assay. Expression of the dominant-negative MEK1 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced ERK2 activation, whereas expression of the constitutively active MEK1 induced ERK2 activation, suggesting that MEK1 is required and sufficient for ERK activation in these cells. Next, we assessed the effect of PD-98059, a synthetic MEK inhibitor, on PDGF-induced MEK1 and ERK activation. PD-98059 (10 microM) inhibited MEK1 and ERK activation, confirming that MEK1 is required for ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes. PD-98059 had no effect on Src or Raf-1 activity, evidence that PD-98059 is a specific inhibitor of MEK in this system. Finally, PD-98059 reduced PDGF-induced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that catalytic activation of MEK1 and ERKs is required for DNA synthesis. We conclude that MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes and that MEK1 and ERKs are required for PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in these cells.
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PMID:MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation and DNA synthesis in tracheal myocytes. 912 14

Stimulation of the ERK family of protein kinases ('extracellular signal regulated kinases', also known as MAP kinases) plays an important role in the activation of many cell types, including T lymphocytes. ERKs are activated when they are phosphorylated by an upstream activator, the dual-specific protein kinase MEK. To see if aging leads to an impairment of MEK activation in mouse T cells, we used a mobility shift assay in which activation of MEK leads to phosphorylation and altered mobility of ERK-2 kinase. Similarly, we monitored mobility of pp90rsk, a known ERK substrate, as an indication of ERK function. We found an age-related decline in the ability of mouse T cells to activate both MEK and ERK function in response to stimulation by antibodies to the CD3 chain of the T cell receptor. Aging did not alter the kinetics of enzyme activation, but did diminish (by about 2-fold) the maximal level of substrate converted into the slower migrating form. Naive and memory CD4 T cells from young mice were equally able to convert ERK2 to its slower migrating form, suggesting that the decline in MEK function is not likely to be attributable to the shift, with age, from naive to memory T cell predominance. Our data suggest that age-dependent declines in gene activation, including genes for key cytokines like IL-2, may be due to declines in the upstream signals that lead to activation of the MEK/ERK protein kinase cascade.
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PMID:Diminished activation of the MAP kinase pathway in CD3-stimulated T lymphocytes from old mice. 914 61

Here we report the presence of a protein kinase activity associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. We observed phosphorylation of five major proteins by the endogenous protein kinase activity. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed phosphorylated serine and threonine residues. In addition, we observed autophosphorylation of two proteins in the presence of gamma-ATP in an in-gel phosphorylation assay. These two proteins are not linked by a disulfide bond, suggesting that two different protein kinases are associated with HIV-1 virions. Our results indicate the presence of ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and of a 53,000-molecular-weight protein kinase associated with virions. Moreover, the use of different HIV strains derived from T cells and promonocytic cells, as well as the use of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 particles, demonstrates that ERK2 is strongly associated with retrovirus particles in a cell-independent manner. Exogenous substrates, such as histone proteins, and a viral substrate, such as Gag protein, are phosphorylated by virus-associated protein kinases.
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PMID:Association of ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase with human immunodeficiency virus particles. 915 81

Two homologues of mitogen-activated protein kinases have been identified in Dictyostelium discoideum (ERK1 and EKR2). We here demonstrate transient tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2 in response to the chemoattractants cAMP and folic acid that correlates with activity. To investigate the signalling pathways, we studied the response in strains with altered cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) status. The degree of cAMP-induced ERK2 tyrosine phosphorylation was increased in cells overexpressing PKA activity but no such increase was observed in the response to folic acid. Our observations suggest that cAMP-induced ERK2 tyrosine phosphorylation is positively modulated by a PKA-regulated step which is not involved in the response to folic acid, suggesting the presence of diverse signalling pathways leading to ERK2 activation.
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PMID:Chemoattractants induce tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2 in Dictyostelium discoideum by diverse signalling pathways. 916 76

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent T cell mitogen. However, the signaling pathways by which IL-2 mediates its mitogenic effect are not fully understood. One of the members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, p42/44MAPK (ERK2/1), is known to be activated by IL-2. We have now investigated the response to IL-2 of two other members of the MAP kinase family, p54MAP kinase (stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)) and p38MAP kinase (p38/Mpk2/CSBP/RK), which respond primarily to stressful and inflammatory stimuli (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1, and lipopolysaccharide). Here we show that IL-2, and another T cell growth factor, IL-7, activate both SAPK/JNK and p38MAP kinase. Furthermore, inhibition of p38MAP kinase activity with a specific pyrinidyl imidazole inhibitor SB203580 that prevents activation of its downstream effector, MAPK-activating protein kinase-2, correlated with suppression of IL-2- and IL-7-driven T cell proliferation. These data indicate that in T cells p38MAP kinase has a role in transducing the mitogenic signal.
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PMID:T cell proliferation in response to interleukins 2 and 7 requires p38MAP kinase activation. 916 78

Interstitial collagenases participate in the remodeling of skeletal matrix and are regulated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF). A 0.2-kb fragment of the proximal human interstitial collagenase [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1)] promoter conveys 4- to 8-fold induction of a luciferase reporter in response to FGF2 in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. By 5'-deletion, this response maps to nucleotides -100 to -50 relative to the transcription initiation site. The 63- bp MMP1 promoter fragment -123 to -61 confers this FGF2 response on the rous sarcoma virus minimal promoter. Intact Ets and AP1 cognates in this element are both required for responsiveness. The AP1 site supports basal and FGF-inducible promoter activity. The intact Ets cognate represses basal transcriptional activity in both heterologous and native promoter contexts and is also required for FGF activation. FGF2 up-regulates a DNA-binding activity that recognizes the MMP1 AP1 cognate and contains immunoreactive Fra1 and c-Jun. Both constitutive and FGF-inducible DNA-binding activities are present in MC3T3-E1 cells that recognize the MMP1 Ets cognate; prototypic Ets transcriptional activators are not present in these complexes. Inhibitors of protein kinase C, phosphatidyl inositol 3-OH kinase, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase do not attenuate MMP1 promoter activation. FGF2 activates ERK1/ERK2 signaling in osteoblasts; however, 25 microM MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 (inhibits by > 85% the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2) has no effect on MMP1 promoter activation by FGF2. Ligand-activated and constitutively active FGF receptors initiate MMP1 induction. Dominant negative Ras abrogates MMP1 induction by constitutively active FGFR2-ROS, but dominant negative Rho and Rac do not inhibit induction. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase MKP2 [inactivates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) = Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) > p38 MAPK] completely abrogates MMP1 activation, whereas PAC1 (inactivates ERK = p38 > JNK) attenuates but does not completely prevent induction. Thus, a Ras- and MKP2-regulated MAPK pathway, independent of ERK1/ERK2 MAPK activity, mediates FGF2 transcriptional activation of MMP1 in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, converging upon the bipartite Ets-AP1 element. The DNA-protein interactions and signal cascades mediating FGF induction of the MMP1 promoter are distinct from two other recently described FGF response elements: the MMP1 promoter (-123 to -61) represents a third FGF-activated transcriptional unit.
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PMID:Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling activates the human interstitial collagenase promoter via the bipartite Ets-AP1 element. 921 60

IRF2 is a transcription factor, possessing oncogenic potential, responsible for both the repression of growth-inhibiting genes (interferon) and the activation of cell cycle-regulated genes (histone H4). Surprisingly little is known about the post-translational modification of this factor. In this study, we analyze the phosphorylation of IRF2 both in vivo and in vitro. Immunoprecipitation of HA-tagged IRF2 expressed in 32P-phosphate labelled COS-7 cells demonstrates that IRF2 is phosphorylated in vivo. Amino acid sequence analysis reveals that several potential phosphorylation sites exist for a variety of serine/threonine protein kinases, including those of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Using a battery of these protein kinases we show that recombinant IRF2 is a substrate for protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and casein kinase II (CK2) in vitro. However, other serine/threonine protein kinases, including the MAP kinases JNK1, p38, and ERK2, do not phosphorylate IRF2. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of the sites phosphorylated by PKA, PKC, and CKII in vitro demonstrates that these enzymes are capable of phosphorylating IRF2 at multiple distinct sites. Phosphoaminoacid analysis of HA-tagged IRF2 immunoprecipitated from an asynchronous population of proliferating, metabolically phosphate-labelled cells indicates that this protein is phosphorylated exclusively upon serine residues in vivo. These results suggest that the oncogenic protein IRF2 may be regulated via multiple pathways during cellular growth.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the oncogenic transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) in vitro and in vivo. 921 19

Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptors are involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation as well as in apoptosis and neuronal differentiation, through intracellular signalling pathways that remain poorly defined. The present study examines the effect of AT2-receptor stimulation on growth-factor-induced pathways leading to the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. In N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, AT2 receptors inhibit the activity of MAP kinases induced by serum as well as by epidermal growth factor. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) is rapid and transient, and affects both ERK1 and ERK2 (extracellular signal-related protein kinase) isoforms of the enzyme. AT2-mediated MAP kinase inactivation is not sensitive to pertussis toxin or okadaic acid, but involves a vanadate-sensitive protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). Expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is not significantly modified upon AT2-receptor activation, and insensitivity to actinomycin D also rules out transcriptional induction of other MKPs as a possible mechanism for AT2-mediated inactivation of MAP kinases. In addition, we report here that both in N1E-115 cells and in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing recombinant human AT2 receptors, Ang II rapidly stimulates the catalytic activity of SHP-1, a soluble PTP that has been implicated in termination of signalling by cytokine and growth-factor receptors. These findings thus demonstrate functional negative cross-talk between heptahelical AT2 receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and suggest that SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase is an early transducer of the AT2 receptor signalling pathway.
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PMID:Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. 923 Jan 27


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