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Query: HUMANGGP:002116 (ACS)
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The amphiphilic behavior of the S-enantiomer of 3(S)-[(2-carboxyethyl)sulfanyl]-3-[2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl] propionic acid disodium salt (C26H32O4S.2Na) has been investigated as a function of the ionic strength, mu (buffer and simple electrolyte). The linearity predicted by the Corrin-Harkins relation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 683-688) is observed at low buffer concentrations, and it is verified that the nature of the buffer is of less importance than the concentration of the counterion. At high counterion concentrations, the salting-out effect predicted by Mukerjee in 1965 (J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 4038-4040) and 1967 (Adv. Coll. Interf. Sci. 1967, 1, 241-275) manifests itself, and a more complete equation resulting from attaching a salting-out term to the Corrin-Harkins relation, as used recently by Mukerjee and Chan (ACS Abstracts of Papers 1993, 206, COLL 164; Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1993), gives a better representation of the experimental data. It is shown that the parameter values obtained from this equation are reasonable and predict self-association in the form of micelles rather than as small aggregates.
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PMID:Confirmation of the Mukerjee term in an extended Corrin-Harkins relation using an anionic amphiphilic drug. 868 52

The possibilities of separating monovalent and multivalent ions by electrodialysis (ED) and nanofiltration (NF) are explored. Five synthetic single salt solutions were applied to ED and NF: NaCl, Na(2)SO(4), MgCl(2), MgSO(4) and NaNO(3). Two combinations of anionic and cationic exchange membranes were evaluated for ED (AMV/CMV Selemion membranes and ACS/CMS Tokuyama membranes), and two membranes were evaluated for NF (NTR 7450 and UTC-60). The separation was evaluated using an alternative parameter, the separation efficiency, in order to compare ED and NF. The separation efficiency ranges from 0% (no separation) to 100% (perfect separation). Both NF membranes had a good separation efficiency for the separation of monovalent and divalent anions (ca. 60%); the ED membranes performed worse. For the separation of monovalent and divalent cations, the UTC-60 membrane was the best for the considered separation because of size exclusion effects for the larger divalent ion. The ACS/CMS membranes had a similar separation efficiency (ca. 60%); the NTR 7540 membrane and AMV/CMV ED membranes showed only a small separation.
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PMID:Separation of monovalent and divalent ions from aqueous solution by electrodialysis and nanofiltration. 1497 68

Ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants is regulated developmentally and environmentally. To investigate the regulation of ACC synthase gene expression, the promoters of Arabidopsis ACS genes, AtACS4, AtACS5, and AtACS7, were fused to a GUS reporter gene, and the recombinant transgenes were introduced into Arabidopsis to produce three groups of AtACS::GUS transgenic plants. Histochemic and fluorometric study of these transgenic plants revealed that promoters of AtACS4, AtACS, and AtACS7 are all active in dark-germinated seedlings. AtACS5 has the highest promoter activity in leaves of 2-week-old light-grown seedlings among the three AtACS genes studied. In the mature leaves, AtACS4 and AtACS7 genes are expressed in both veins and areoles, whereas AtACS5 is expressed at a higher level in the areoles and epidermal cells surrounding trichomes. The promoter activities of all these AtACS genes are found in the reproductive organs. AtACS5 and AtACS7 are highly expressed in petals, sepals, carpels, stamens, cauline leaves, inflorescence stems, and siliques, while AtACS4 expression is undetectable in the petals of open flowers. All three AtACS genes are expressed in root tissue. In the 2-week-old light-grown Arabidopsis, the AtACS4 promoter is responsive to the plant hormones IAA, ethylene, and ABA, and to darkness and wounding; the AtACS5 promoter to IAA, ABA, salt, high temperature, and wounding; and the AtACS7 promoter to GA3, ethylene, and ABA, and to darkness and salt. Low-temperature treatment abolishes the darkness-induced AtACS7 gene expression, but not that of AtACS4. Each AtACS gene has a unique expression profile during growth and development. It appears that at any developmental stage or any growth period of Arabidopsis, there is always a member of AtACS multigene family that is actively expressed.
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PMID:The GUS reporter-aided analysis of the promoter activities of Arabidopsis ACC synthase genes AtACS4, AtACS5, and AtACS7 induced by hormones and stresses. 1569 63

Gateways to Clinical Trials is a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables have been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Abiraterone acetate, acyline, adalimumab, adenosine triphosphate, AEE-788, AIDSVAX gp120 B/B, AK-602, alefacept, alemtuzumab, alendronic acid sodium salt, alicaforsen sodium, alprazolam, amdoxovir, AMG-162, aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, aminophylline hydrate, anakinra, anecortave acetate, anti-CTLA-4 MAb, APC-8015, aripiprazole, aspirin, atazanavir sulfate, atomoxetine hydrochloride, atorvastatin calcium, atrasentan, AVE-5883, AZD-2171; Betamethasone dipropionate, bevacizumab, bimatoprost, biphasic human insulin (prb), bortezomib, BR-A-657, BRL-55730, budesonide, busulfan; Calcipotriol, calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, calcium folinate, capecitabine, capravirine, carmustine, caspofungin acetate, cefdinir, certolizumab pegol, CG-53135, chlorambucil, ciclesonide, ciclosporin, cisplatin, clofarabine, clopidogrel hydrogensulfate, clozapine, co-trimoxazole, CP-122721, creatine, CY-2301, cyclophosphamide, cypher, cytarabine, cytolin; D0401, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin hydrobromide, DASB, desipramine hydrochloride, desloratadine, desvenlafaxine succinate, dexamethasone, didanosine, diquafosol tetrasodium, docetaxel, doxorubicin hydrochloride, drotrecogin alfa (activated), duloxetine hydrochloride, dutasteride; Ecallantide, efalizumab, efavirenz, eletriptan, emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, enoxaparin sodium, estramustine phosphate sodium, etanercept, ethinylestradiol, etonogestrel, etonogestrel/ethinylestradiol, etoposide, exenatide; Famciclovir, fampridine, febuxostat, filgrastim, fludarabine phosphate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluorouracil, fluticasone propionate, fluvastatin sodium, fondaparinux sodium; Gaboxadol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate sodium, gefitinib, gelclair, gemcitabine, gemfibrozil, glibenclamide, glyminox; Haloperidol, heparin sodium, HPV 16/HPV 18 vaccine, human insulin, human insulin; Icatibant, imatinib mesylate, indium 111 (111In) ibritumomab tiuxetan, infliximab, INKP-100, iodine (I131) tositumomab, IoGen, ipratropium bromide, ixabepilone; L-870810, lamivudine, lapatinib, laquinimod, latanoprost, levonorgestrel, licochalcone a, liposomal doxorubicin, lopinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, lorazepam, lovastatin; Maraviroc, maribavir, matuzumab, MDL-100907, melphalan, methotrexate, methylprednisolone, mitomycin, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, MK-0431, MN-001, MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef, MRKAd5gag, MVA.HIVA, MVA-BN Nef, MVA-Muc1-IL-2, mycophenolate mofetil; Nelfinavir mesilate, nesiritide, NSC-330507; Olanzapine, olmesartan medoxomil, omalizumab, oral insulin, osanetant; PA-457, paclitaxel, paroxetine, paroxetine hydrochloride, PCK-3145, PEG-filgrastim, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, perillyl alcohol, pexelizumab, pimecrolimus, pitavastatin calcium, porfiromycin, prasterone, prasugrel, pravastatin sodium, prednisone, pregabalin, prinomastat, PRO-2000, propofol, prostate cancer vaccine; Rasagiline mesilate, rhBMP-2/ACS, rhBMP-2/BCP, rhC1, ribavirin, rilpivirine, ritonavir, rituximab, Ro-26-9228, rosuvastatin calcium, rosuvastatin sodium, rubitecan; Selodenoson, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitaxsentan sodium, sorafenib, SS(dsFv)-PE38, St. John's Wort extract, stavudine; Tacrolimus, tadalafil, tafenoquine succinate, talaglumetad, tanomastat, taxus, tegaserod maleate, telithromycin, tempol, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, testosterone enanthate, TH-9507, thalidomide, tigecycline, timolol maleate, tiotropium bromide, tipifarnib, torcetrapib, trabectedin, travoprost, travoprost/timolol, treprostinil sodium; Valdecoxib, vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, varenicline, VEGF-2 gene therapy, venlafaxine hydrochloride, vildagliptin, vincristine sulfate, voriconazole, VRX-496, VX-385; Warfarin sodium; Ximelagatran; Yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan; Zanolimumab, zidovudine.
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PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1608 22

The aim was to understand how interaction of the central carbon and the secondary carnitine metabolisms is affected under salt stress and its effect on the production of L-carnitine by Escherichia coli. The biotransformation of crotonobetaine into L-carnitine by resting cells of E. coli O44 K74 was improved by salt stress, a yield of nearly twofold that for the control being obtained with 0.5 M NaCl. Crotonobetaine and the L-carnitine formed acted as an osmoprotectant during cell growth and biotransformation in the presence of NaCl. The enzyme activities involved in the biotransformation process (crotonobetaine hydration reaction and crotonobetaine reduction reaction), in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA/acetate (pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA synthetase [ACS] and ATP/acetate phosphotransferase) and in the distribution of metabolites for the tricarboxylic acid cycle (isocitrate dehydrogenase [ICDH]) and glyoxylate shunt (isocitrate lyase [ICL]) were followed in batch with resting cells both in the presence and absence of NaCl and in perturbation experiments performed on growing cells in a high density cell recycle membrane reactor. Further, the levels of carnitine, crotonobetaine, gamma-butyrobetaine and ATP and the NADH/NAD(+) ratio were measured in order to know how the metabolic state was modified and coenzyme pools redistributed as a result of NaCl's effect on the energy content of the cell. The results provided the first experimental evidence of the important role played by salt stress during resting and growing cell biotransformation (0.5 M NaCl increased the L-carnitine production in nearly 85%), and the need for high levels of ATP to maintain metabolite transport and biotransformation. Moreover, the main metabolic pathways and carbon flow operating during cell biotransformation was that controlled by the ICDH/ICL ratio, which decreased from 8.0 to 2.5, and the phosphotransferase/ACS ratio, which increased from 2.1 to 5.2, after a NaCl pulse fivefold the steady-state level. Resting E. coli cells were seen to be made up of heterogeneous populations consisting of several types of subpopulation (intact, depolarized, and permeabilized cells) differing in viability and metabolic activity as biotransformation run-time and the NaCl concentration increased. The results are discussed in relation with the general stress response of E. coli, which alters the NADH/NAD(+) ratio, ATP content, and central carbon enzyme activities.
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PMID:Salt stress effects on the central and carnitine metabolisms of Escherichia coli. 1689 34

This work focuses on synthetic methods to produce monodisperse Ni colloidal nanoparticles (NPs), in the 4-16 nm size range, and their structural characterization. Narrow size distribution nanoparticles were obtained by high-temperature reduction of a nickel salt and the production of tunable sizes of the Ni NPs was improved compared to other methods previously described. The as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited spherical shape and highly disordered structure, as it could be assigned by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Annealing at high temperature in organic solvent resulted in an increase of nanoparticle atomic ordering; in this case, the XRD pattern showed an fcc-like structure. Complementary data obtained by X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the complex structure of these nanoparticles. Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of these highly disordered Ni NPs showed the magnetic behavior cannot be described by the conventional superparamagnetic theory, claiming the importance of the internal structure in the magnetic behavior of such nanomaterials.
ACS Nano 2008 Jun
PMID:Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of highly disordered N colloidal nanoparticles. 1920 50

Luminescent silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) have great potential for use in biological imaging and diagnostic applications. To exploit this potential, they must remain luminescent and stably dispersed in water and biological fluids over a wide range of pH and salt concentration. There have been many challenges in creating such stable water-dispersible Si QDs, including instability of photoluminescence due their fast oxidation in aqueous environments and the difficulty of attaching hydrophilic molecules to Si QD surfaces. In this paper, we report the preparation of highly stable aqueous suspensions of Si QDs using phospholipid micelles, in which the optical properties of Si nanocrystals are retained. These luminescent micelle-encapsulated Si QDs were used as luminescent labels for pancreatic cancer cells. This paves the way for silicon quantum dots to be a valuable optical probe in biomedical diagnostics.
ACS Nano 2008 May
PMID:Biocompatible luminescent silicon quantum dots for imaging of cancer cells. 1920 83

In this work, a novel cube-shaped cationic lipid based on the imidazolium salt of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was complexed with double-stranded DNA. Because of the negative spontaneous curvature of the cationic POSS imidazolium lipid, an inverted hexagonal phase resulted above the melting point of POSS crystals. Depending on the competition between the crystallization of POSS molecules and the negative spontaneous curvature of cationic POSS imidazolium lipids, different self-assembled phase morphologies were obtained. A lamellar phase was obtained when the POSS crystallization was relatively slow. When the POSS crystallization was fast, an inverted hexagonal phase was obtained with POSS lamellar crystals grown in the interstitials of DNA cylinders. On the basis of a circular dichroism study, double-stranded DNA adopted the B-form helical conformation in the inverted hexagonal phase, whereas the helical conformation was largely destroyed in the lamellar phase.
ACS Nano 2008 May
PMID:Conformation transformation determined by different self-assembled phases in a DNA complex with cationic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane lipid. 1920 89

Chemists rely on a toolbox of robust chemical transformations for selectively modifying molecules with spatial and functional precision to make them more complex in a controllable and predictable manner. This manuscript describes proof-of-principle experiments for a conceptually analogous strategy involving the selective, stepwise, and spatially controlled modification of inorganic nanostructures. The key concept is orthogonal reactivity: one component of a multicomponent system reacts with a particular reagent under a specific set of conditions while the others do not, even though they are all present together in the same reaction vessel. Using the chemical conversion of metal nanoparticles into intermetallic, sulfide, and phosphide nanoparticles as representative examples, the concept of orthogonal reactivity is defined and demonstrated for a variety of two- and three-component nanoscale systems. First, solution-phase reactivity data are presented and collectively analyzed for the reaction of metal nanoparticles (Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, Sn) with several metal salt and elemental reagents (Bi, Pb, Sb, Sn, S). From these data, several two- and three-component orthogonal systems are identified. Finally, these results are applied to the spatially selective chemical modification of lithographically patterned surfaces and striped template-grown metal nanowires.
ACS Nano 2009 Apr 28
PMID:Orthogonal reactivity of metal and multimetal nanostructures for selective, stepwise, and spatially-controlled solid-state modification. 1939 43

A rapid, solventless method is described for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with metal nanoparticles. The straightforward two-step process utilizes neither reducing agents nor electric current and involves the dry mixing of a precursor metal salt (e.g., a metal acetate) with carbon nanotubes (single- or multi-walled) followed by heating in an inert atmosphere. The procedure is scalable to multigram quantities and generally applicable to various other carbon substrates (e.g., carbon nanofiber, expanded graphite, and carbon black) and many metal salts (e.g., Ag, Au, Co, Ni, and Pd acetates). As a model system, Ag nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube samples were prepared under various mixing techniques, metal loading levels, thermal treatment temperatures, and nanotube oxidative acid treatments. These nanohybrids were characterized by a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. For example, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the average size of the Ag nanoparticles has little to do with the thermal treatment temperature but can be easily controlled by varying the Ag loading. Raman spectroscopy illustrated both the metal-nanotube electronic interactions and the surface enhancement effect from the Ag nanoparticle attachment. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy captured the in situ salt-to-metal conversion events on the nanotube surface. The mechanistic implications from the characterization results are discussed.
ACS Nano 2009 Apr 28
PMID:Rapid, solventless, bulk preparation of metal nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes. 1927 18


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