Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:6.5.1.2 (DNA ligase)
2,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have used in vitro selection to investigate the sequence requirements for efficient template-directed ligation of oligonucleotides at 0 degrees C using a water-soluble carbodiimide as condensing agent. We find that only 2 bp at each side of the ligation junction are needed. We also studied chemical ligation of substrate ensembles that we have previously selected as optimal for ligation by RNA ligase or by DNA ligase. As anticipated, we find that substrates selected with DNA ligase ligate efficiently with a chemical ligating agent, and vice versa. Substrates selected using RNA ligase are not ligated by the chemical condensing agent and vice versa. The implications of these results for prebiotic chemistry are discussed.
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PMID:In vitro selection of optimal DNA substrates for ligation by a water-soluble carbodiimide. 808 82

We describe a new protocol, which does not require (4S)UpG, for introducing (4S)U into specific sites in a pre-mRNA substrate. A 5'-half and a full-length RNA are first synthesized by phage RNA polymerase. p(4S)Up, which is derived from (4S)UpU and can therefore be 32P-labeled, is then ligated to the 3' end of the 5'-half RNA with T4 RNA ligase. The 3' phosphate of the ligated product is removed subsequently by CIP (calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase) to produce a 3'-OH group. The 3'-half RNA with a 5' phosphate is produced by site-specific RNase H cleavage of the full-length pre-mRNA directed by a 2'-O-methyl RNA-DNA chimera. The two half RNAs are then aligned with a bridging oligonucleotide and ligated with T4 DNA ligase. Our results show that 32P-p(4S)Up ligation to the 3' end of the 5'-half RNA is comparable to 32P-pCp ligation. Also, the efficiency of the bridging oligonucleotide-mediated two-piece ligation is quite high, approximately 30-50%. This strategy has been applied to the P120 pre-mRNA containing an AT-AC intron, but should be applicable to many other RNAs.
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PMID:A new strategy for introducing photoactivatable 4-thiouridine ((4S)U) into specific positions in a long RNA molecule. 921 62

ATP-dependent enzymes were investigated as to the stringency of their ATP requirement. For all the enzymes examined except firefly luciferase (including hexokinase, polynucleotide kinase, T4 DNA ligase, and T4 RNA ligase) ATP could be replaced with dATP, contradicting previous data. Considering the replaceable nucleotides, not only kinases (low stringency as to ATP-requirement) but also other enzymes (moderate stringency) were typed as phosphate-directed ATP recognition. Through this study, an exact view of ATP-requiring enzymes which have a profound influence on the concentration in a cell of ATP, a metabolic and regulative key substance, was obtained, and a technically useful, fluorescent ATP-substitute (2AP-TP) was introduced.
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PMID:Unexpectedly general replaceability of ATP in ATP-requiring enzymes. 927 90

Availability of 4-thiouridine (4-thioU)-containing RNAs is the prerequisite for 4-thioU site-specific cross-linking studies. This paper presents a method for constructing such RNAs. A 5'- and a 3'-RNA are synthesized via phage RNA polymerase transcription and/or RNase H site-specific cleavage directed by 2'-O-methyl-RNA-DNA chimeras. These two half-RNAs in combination correspond to the sequence of full-length RNA, with a single nucleotide gap at the junction that will be filled in with a 4-thiouridylate. A single p4SUp, which is derived from 4SUpN (N can be any nucleotide) via 5'-phosphorylation (therefore, the phosphate can be radioactive) followed by RNase A digestion, is then ligated to the 3' end of the 5'-half RNA with T4 RNA ligase. The 3'-phosphate of the ligated product is subsequently removed by calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase to produce a 3'-hydroxyl group. The resulting 5'-half RNA and the 3'-half RNA with a 5'-phosphate group (which can also be radioactive) are then aligned with a bridging deoxyoligonucleotide and ligated with T4 DNA ligase. This method was previously applied to the P120 pre-mRNA that contains an AT-AC intron, yielding three RNAs each containing a single 4-thioU near the 5'-splice site. Subsequent cross-linking studies with these RNAs yielded detailed information regarding interactions between the 5'-splice site and other spliceosomal snRNAs and between the 5'-splice site and proteins during splicing. Because there is no sequence constraint surrounding the site of 4-thioU substitution, this method should be applicable to many other RNAs.
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PMID:Construction of 4-thiouridine site-specifically substituted RNAs for cross-linking studies. 1020 12

The findings presented here originally arose from the suggestion that the synthesis of dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(n)N) may be a general process involving enzyme ligases catalyzing the transfer of a nucleotidyl moiety via nucleotidyl-containing intermediates, with release of pyrophosphate. Within this context, the characteristics of the following enzymes are presented. Firefly luciferase (EC 1.12. 13.7), an oxidoreductase with characteristics of a ligase, synthesizes a variety of (di)nucleoside polyphosphates with four or more inner phosphates. The discrepancy between the kinetics of light production and that of Np(n)N synthesis led to the finding that E*L-AMP (L = dehydroluciferin), formed from the E*LH(2)-AMP complex (LH(2) = luciferin) shortly after the onset of the reaction, was the main intermediate in the synthesis of (di)nucleoside polyphosphates. Acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) and acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1. 8) are ligases that synthesize p(4)A from ATP and P(3) and, to a lesser extent, Np(n)N. T4 DNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.1) and T4 RNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.3) catalyze the synthesis of Np(n)N through the formation of an E-AMP complex with liberation of pyrophosphate. DNA is an inhibitor of the synthesis of Np(n)N and conversely, P(3) or nucleoside triphosphates inhibit the ligation of a single-strand break in duplex DNA catalyzed by T4 DNA ligase, which could have therapeutic implications. The synthesis of Np(n)N catalyzed by T4 RNA ligase is inhibited by nucleoside 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphates. Reverse transcriptase (EC 2.7.7.49), although not a ligase, catalyzes, as reported by others, the synthesis of Np(n)ddN in the process of removing a chain termination residue at the 3'-OH end of a growing DNA chain.
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PMID:Synthesis of dinucleoside polyphosphates catalyzed by firefly luciferase and several ligases. 1100 93

We have developed the single-strand linker ligation method (SSLLM), which uses DNA ligase to add a dsDNA linker to single-stranded (ss) full-length cDNA. The linkers have random 6-bp (dN6 or dGN5) 3' overhangs that can ligate to any cDNA sequence, thereby facilitating the production of cDNA libraries with titers exceeding 1 x 10(6) independent clones. We confirmed that the 5' ends of cDNA inserts cloned by using SSLLM are full-length and include the 5' untranslated regions. The great advantage of our method is that the elimination of the GC tail simplifies the sequencing and protein translation of the full-length clones. Further, our method tags ss cDNAs more efficiently than does the traditional RNA ligase reaction.
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PMID:Cloning full-length, cap-trapper-selected cDNAs by using the single-strand linker ligation method. 1141 14

The Mg(2+)-dependent adenylylation of the T4 DNA and RNA ligases was studied in the absence of a DNA substrate using transient optical absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The concentrations of Mg(2+), ATP, and pyrophosphate were systematically varied, and the results led to the conclusion that the nucleotidyl transfer proceeds according to a two-metal ion mechanism. According to this mechanism, only the di-magnesium-coordinated form Mg(2)ATP(0) reacts with the enzyme forming the covalent complex E.AMP. The reverse reaction (ATP synthesis) occurs between the mono-magnesium-coordinated pyrophosphate form MgP(2)O(7)(2-) and the enzyme.MgAMP complex. The nucleotide binding rate decreases in the sequence ATP(4-) > MgATP(2-) > Mg(2)ATP(0), indicating that the formation of the non-covalent enzyme.nucleotide complex is driven by electrostatic interactions. T4 DNA ligase shows notably higher rates of ATP binding and of subsequent adenylylation compared with RNA ligase, in part because it decreases the K(d) of Mg(2+) for the enzyme-bound Mg(2)ATP(0) more than 10-fold. To elucidate the role of Mg(2+) in the nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by T4 DNA and RNA ligases, we propose a transition state configuration, in which the catalytic Mg(2+) ion coordinates to both reacting nucleophiles: the lysyl moiety of the enzyme that forms the phosphoramidate bond and the alpha-beta-bridging oxygen of ATP.
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PMID:Kinetic mechanism of the Mg2+-dependent nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by T4 DNA and RNA ligases. 1168 91

The interaction of nucleotides with T4 DNA and RNA ligases has been characterized using ultraviolet visible (UV-VIS) absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Both enzymes bind nucleotides with the K(d) between 0.1 and 20 microM. Nucleotide binding results in a decrease of absorbance at 260 nm due to pi-stacking with an aromatic residue, possibly phenylalanine, and causes red-shifting of the absorbance maximum due to hydrogen bonding with the exocyclic amino group. T4 DNA ligase is shown to have, besides the catalytic ATP binding site, another noncovalent nucleotide binding site. ATP bound there alters the pi-stacking of the nucleotide in the catalytic site, increasing its optical extinction. The K(d) for the noncovalent site is approximately 1000-fold higher than for the catalytic site. Nucleotides quench the protein fluorescence showing that a tryptophan residue is located in the active site of the ligase. The decrease of absorbance around 298 nm suggests that the hydrogen bonding interactions of this tryptophan residue are weakened in the ligase-nucleotide complex. The excitation/emission properties of T4 RNA ligase indicate that its ATP binding pocket is in contact with solvent, which is excluded upon binding of the nucleotide. Overall, the spectroscopic analysis reveals important similarities between T4 ligases and related nucleotidyltransferases, despite the low sequence similarity.
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PMID:Binding of nucleotides by T4 DNA ligase and T4 RNA ligase: optical absorbance and fluorescence studies. 1172 Oct 15

We have used a combination of in vitro selection and rational design to generate ribozymes that form a stable phosphoamide bond between the 5' terminus of an RNA and a specific polypeptide. This reaction differs from that of previously identified ribozymes, although the product is analogous to the enzyme-nucleotidyl intermediates isolated during the reactions of certain proteinaceous enzymes, such as guanyltransferase, DNA ligase, and RNA ligase. Comparative sequence analysis of the isolated ribozymes revealed that they share a compact secondary structure containing six stems arranged in a four-helix junction and branched pseudoknot. An optimized version of the ribozyme reacts with substrate-fusion proteins, allowing it to be used to attach RNA tags to proteins both in vitro and within bacterial cells, suggesting a simple way to tag a specific protein with amplifiable information.
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PMID:A ribozyme that ligates RNA to protein. 1207 17

Bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) exemplifies a polynucleotide ligase family that includes the trypanosome RNA-editing ligases and putative RNA ligases encoded by eukaryotic viruses and archaea. Here we analyzed 12 individual amino acids of Rnl2 that were identified by alanine scanning as essential for strand joining. We determined structure-activity relationships via conservative substitutions and examined mutational effects on the isolated steps of ligase adenylylation and phosphodiester bond formation. The essential residues of Rnl2 are located within conserved motifs that define a superfamily of nucleotidyl transferases that act via enzyme-(lysyl-N)-NMP intermediates. Our mutagenesis results underscore a shared active site architecture in Rnl2-like ligases, DNA ligases, and mRNA capping enzymes. They also highlight two essential signature residues, Glu(34) and Asn(40), that flank the active site lysine nucleophile (Lys(35)) and are unique to the Rnl2-like ligase family.
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PMID:Structure-function analysis of T4 RNA ligase 2. 1261 99


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