Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
 2,876 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The phosphorylase phosphatases in rat and rabbit liver cytosol that are markedly stimulated by histone H1, protamine and polylysine were identified as protein phosphatases-2A0, 2A1 and 2A2 by anion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and immunotitration experiments. Histone H1 and protamine also stimulated the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase, glycogen synthase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and phenylalanine hydroxylase by phosphatases-2A1 and 2A2, and with several of these substrates activation was even more striking (20-100-fold) than that observed with phosphorylase (approximately 5-fold). Activation by basic polypeptides did not involve dissociation of these phosphatases to the free catalytic subunit. The dephosphorylation of phosphorylase by protein phosphatase-1 was suppressed by basic polypeptides, protamine and polylysine being the most potent inhibitors. However, the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase, pyruvate kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were markedly stimulated by histone H1 and protamine (2-13-fold). Consequently, with the appropriate substrates, protein phosphatase-1 can also be regarded as a basic-polypeptide-activated protein phosphatase. Heparin stimulated (1.5-2-fold) the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase by phosphatases-2A0 and 2A1, provided that Mn2+ was present, but phosphatase-2A2 and the free catalytic subunit of phosphatase-2A were unaffected. Heparin, in conjunction with Mn2+, also stimulated (1.5-fold) the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase (labelled in sites 3 abc), phosphorylase kinase and phenylalanine hydroxylase by phosphatase-2A1, but not by phosphatase-2A2. By contrast, the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase by protein phosphatase-1 was inhibited by heparin. However, dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate kinase by phosphatase-1 was stimulated by this mucopolysaccharide. The studies demonstrate that basic proteins can be used to distinguish protein phosphatase-1 from protein phosphatase-2A, but only if phosphorylase is employed as substrate. Optimal differentiation of the two phosphatases is observed at 30 micrograms/ml protamine or at heparin concentrations greater than 150 microM.
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PMID:The protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation. 1. Modulation of protein phosphatases-1 and 2A by histone H1, protamine, polylysine and heparin. 298 84

Histone acetylation depends on intermediary metabolism for supplying acetyl-CoA in the nucleocytosolic compartment. However, because nucleocytosolic acetyl-CoA is also used for de novo synthesis of fatty acids, histone acetylation and synthesis of fatty acids compete for the same acetyl-CoA pool. The first and rate-limiting reaction in de novo synthesis of fatty acids is carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA, catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is encoded by the ACC1 gene. In this study, we show that attenuated expression of ACC1 results in increased acetylation of bulk histones, globally increased acetylation of chromatin histones, and altered transcriptional regulation. Together, our data indicate that Acc1p activity regulates the availability of acetyl-CoA for histone acetyltransferases, thus representing a link between intermediary metabolism and epigenetic mechanisms of transcriptional regulation.
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PMID:Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulates global histone acetylation. 2258 Feb 97

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin required by all organisms, but only synthesized by plants and some bacterial and fungal species. As a cofactor, biotin is responsible for carbon dioxide transfer in all biotin-dependent carboxylases, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase. Adding biotin to carboxylases is catalyzed by the enzyme holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS). Biotin is also involved in gene regulation, and there is some indication that histones can be biotinylated in humans. Histone proteins and most histone modifications are highly conserved among eukaryotes. HCS1 is the only functional biotin ligase in Arabidopsis and has a high homology with human HCS. Therefore, we hypothesized that HCS1 also biotinylates histone proteins in Arabidopsis. A comparison of the catalytic domain of HCS proteins was performed among eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea, and this domain is highly conserved across the selected organisms. Biotinylated histones could not be identified in vivo by using avidin precipitation or two-dimensional gel analysis. However, HCS1 physically interacts with Arabidopsis histone H3 in vitro, indicating the possibility of the role of this enzyme in the regulation of gene expression.
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PMID:Holocarboxylase synthetase 1 physically interacts with histone h3 in Arabidopsis. 2427 88