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Query: EC:6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase)
 1,516 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reaction pathway catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase was re-examined by using two independent experimental approaches not previously applied to this enzyme. To avoid the variable stoicheiometry associated with oxaloacetate formation, the reaction rate was measured by following release of Pi. Initial velocities, when plotted as a function of varying concentrations of either MgATP2- or HCO3-, at fixed concentrations of pyruvate, gave in double-reciprocal-form families of straight intersecting lines. Further, when the reaction velocity was determined as a function of varying MgATP2- concentrations by using pyruvate, 3-fluoropyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate as alternative carboxyl-acceptor substrates, the slopes of the double-reciprocal plots were significantly different. Both results support a sequential reaction pathway.
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PMID:A reappraisal of the reaction pathway of pyruvate carboxylase. 62 48

The enzyme-[14C]carboxybiotin complex of chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase has been isolated and shown to be relatively stable, with a half-life at 0 degree C of 342 min. The kinetic properties of the decay of this complex, in both the presence and the absence of the substrate analogue, 2-oxobutyrate, have been examined. The data for the reaction with 2-oxobutyrate at 0 degree C fitted a biphasic exponential decay curve, enabling the calculation of rate constants for both the fast and slow phases of the reaction at this temperature. The effect of temperature on the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant for the slow phase of the reaction with 2-oxobutyrate, and that for the decay of the enzyme-[14C]carboxybiotin complex alone, have been examined. Arrhenius plots of these data revealed that the processes being studied in each type of experiment were single reactions represented by one rate constant in each case. For the decay of the enzyme-[14C]carboxybiotin complex in the absence of 2-oxobutyrate, the rate-determining process may be the movement of carboxybiotin from the site of the first partial reaction to the site of the second. The calculated thermodynamic activation parameters indicate that this reaction is accompanied by a large change in protein conformation. With 2-oxobutyrate present, the observed process in the slow phase of the reaction was probably the dissociation of the carboxybiotin from the first subsite. Here, the activation parameters suggest that a much smaller change in protein conformation accompanies this reaction. Both sets of experiments were also performed in the presence of acetyl-CoA, but this activator had little effect on the measured thermodynamic activation parameters. However, in both cases the observed pseudo-first-order rate constants in the presence of acetyl-CoA were about 75% of those in its absence. The effects of Mg2+ on the reaction kinetics of the enzyme-[14C]carboxybiotin complex with 2-oxobutyrate were similar to those observed with the sheep enzyme by Goodall, Baldwin, Wallace & Keech [(1981) Biochem. J. 199, 603-609].
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PMID:The carboxybiotin complex of chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase. A kinetic analysis of the effects of acetyl-CoA, Mg2+ ions and temperature on its stability and on its reaction with 2-oxobutyrate. 374 96

We have previously proposed that 2-ketobutyrate is an alarmone in Escherichia coli. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the target of 2-ketobutyrate was the phosphoenol pyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS). We demonstrate here that the phosphorylated metabolites of the glycolytic pathway experience a dramatic downshift upon addition of 2-ketobutyrate (or its analogues). In particular, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and acetyl-CoA concentrations drop by a factor of 10, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. This result is consistent with (i) an inhibition of the PTS by 2-ketobutyrate, (ii) a control of metabolism by fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Since fructose-1,6-diphosphate is an activator of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and of pyruvate kinase, the concentration of their common substrate, phosphoenol pyruvate, does not decrease in parallel.
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PMID:Metabolic alterations mediated by 2-ketobutyrate in Escherichia coli K12. 636 74

The enzyme-[14C] carboxybiotin complex of sheep liver pyruvate carboxylase was isolated and the reaction between this and pyruvate was studied by using the quenched-flow rapid-reaction technique. At 0.5 degrees C the reaction was 80% complete within 180 ms. The reaction was monophasic and obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Increasing concentrations of Mg2+ caused a decrease in the magnitude of the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant. Throughout the carboxylation of pyruvate, the rate-limiting step of the reaction occurred after the dissociation of carboxybiotin from the first sub-site, whereas in the slow phase of the reaction with 2-oxobutyrate this dissociation is the rate-limiting step. It is possible, from the reaction scheme proposed, that the inhibition of overall enzymic activity by high concentrations of Mg2+ could be caused by the transfer of the carboxy group from biotin to pyruvate becoming rate-limiting. The efficacy of a substrate as a signal for the movement of carboxybiotin from the first sub-site is reflected by the amount that the effective affinity of the enzyme- carboxybiotin complex for Mg2+ is lowered. In the presence of the substrates tested, the affinities of the carboxybiotin complex can be arranged in order of increasing magnitude, i.e.: (formula; see text). The kinetics of the decay of the enzyme-[14C] carboxybiotin complex at 0 degree C in the absence of substrates are similar to the reaction with pyruvate except that the carboxybiotin is also unstable in the first sub-site, to some degree. This similarity allows for the proposal of a general scheme for the decarboxylation of the enzyme- carboxybiotin complex in the presence or in the absence of substrates.
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PMID:The carboxybiotin complex of pyruvate carboxylase. A kinetic analysis of the effects of Mg2+ ions on its stability and on its reaction with pyruvate. 672 53

The active site of pyruvate carboxylase, like those of all biotin-dependent carboxylases, is believed to consist of two spatially distinct sub-sites with biotin acting as a mobile carboxy-group carrier oscillating between the two sub-sites. Some of the factors that influence the location and rate of movement of the N-carboxybiotin were studied. The rate of carboxylation of the alternative substrate, 2-oxobutyrate, was measured at 0 degrees C in an assay system where the isolated enzyme--[14C]carboxybiotin was the carboxy-group donor. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the location of the carboxybiotin in the active site is determined by the presence of Mg2+, acetyl-CoA and the oxo acid substrate. The presence of Mg2+ favours the holding of the complex at the first sub-site, whereas alpha-oxo acids induce the complex to move to the second sub-site. At low concentrations pyruvate induces this movement but does not efficiently act as a carboxy-group acceptor; hydroxypyruvate, glyoxylate and oxamate, though not carboxylated, still induce the movement. The allosteric activator acetyl-CoA exerts only a slight stimulation on the rate of translocation to the second sub-site, and this stimulation arises from an increase in the dissociation constant for Mg2+.
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PMID:Factors that influence the translocation of the N-carboxybiotin moiety between the two sub-sites of pyruvate carboxylase. 734 Aug 21