Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.5.5 (CPS)
 1,262 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rat liver carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is shown to be inhibited by anions competitively with acetylglutamate (the allosteric activator of the enzyme) with a potency decreasing in the order NO3- greater than SO4(2-) greater than Cl- approximately HCO3-. Inhibition by chloride accounts for most of the inhibition reported [Lund, P., and Wiggins, D. (1987) Biochem. J. 243, 273-276] in Tris buffer. Mes, acetate, and isethionate give little or no inhibition and phosphate inhibits noncompetitively. Plots of the KA value for acetylglutamate versus the concentration of chloride or nitrate are curved upward and binding assays demonstrate that the inhibitory anions displace acetylglutamate from the enzyme. Thus, the anions may compete with the carboxyls of acetylglutamate for positive charges at the binding site. Of the organic anions found in the mitochondrial matrix, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, succinate, and citrate increase substantially the KA for acetylglutamate. Changes in the concentrations of ATP, HCO3-, NH4+, and Mg2+, and high concentrations of protein (60 mg/ml serum albumin) influence the KA value. Changes in the concentration of the enzyme have no effect. Under assay conditions approaching the ionic, buffer, and substrate concentrations expected to occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the KA value for acetylglutamate is 27 microM and the Vmax is decreased about 50%. These results indicate that physiological changes in the level of acetylglutamate significantly influence the degree of activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in vivo.
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PMID:Influence of anions on the activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia) by acetylglutamate: implications for the activation of the enzyme in the mitochondria. 189 38

Hyperoxic exposure affects the levels and activities of some hepatic proteins. We tested the hypothesis that hyperoxic exposure would result in greater hepatic .NO concentrations. C3H/HeN mice were exposed to >95% O(2) for 72 or 96 h and compared to room air-breathing controls. In contrast to our working hypothesis, exposure to >95% O(2) for 96 h decreased hepatic nitrite/nitrate NO(X) concentrations (10.9 +/- 2.2 nmol/g liver versus 19.3 +/- 2.4 nmol/g liver in room air, P < 0.05). The hepatic levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) proteins were not different among the groups. The arginases, which convert L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine, may affect hepatic NOS activities by decreasing L-arginine bioavailability. Hepatic ornithine concentrations were greater in hyperoxic animals than in controls (318 +/- 18 nmol/g liver in room air, and 539 +/- 64, and 475 +/- 40 at 72 and 96 h of hyperoxia, respectively, P < 0.01). Hepatic arginase I protein levels were greater in hyperoxic animals than in controls. Hepatic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) protein levels and activities were not different among groups. These results indicate that increases in hepatic levels of arginase I in mice exposed to hyperoxia may diminish .NO production, as reflected by lower liver levels of NO(X). The resultant greater hepatic ornithine concentrations may represent a mechanism to facilitate tissue repair, by favoring the production of polyamines and/or proline.
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PMID:Hyperoxia increases hepatic arginase expression and ornithine production in mice. 1655 78

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic derivative used in humans against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. In light of the recent detection of metronidazole in hospital wastes, sewage treatment plants, and surface waters, along with its known sensitivity toward photolytical degradation, this study aimed to model the photolysis in environmental waters by sunlight as a natural attenuation process. To this end, the degradation of metronidazole in a photoreactor simulating solar radiation (Suntest CPS) was compared in five different aqueous matrices: deionized water, artificial freshwater (AFW), AFW supplemented with nitrate (5 mg/L), AFW containing humic acids, and AFW with both nitrate and humic acids. Irrespective of the test medium, the degradation of the metronidazole solutions (10 and 0.02 mg/L) was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. Degradation rates were dependant on the matrix, with humic acids causing a two to threefold decrease in the rate constants while the presence of nitrate had no marked effect on the kinetics. Therefore, the direct photolysis of metronidazole was apparently attenuated through a filter effect of humic acids. Screening of the irradiated water samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry allowed separation and characterisation of four principal phototransformation products of the antibiotic. The high-resolution MS data pointed to the formation of two rearrangement products (C(6)H(10)N(3)O(3)) isobaric with metronidazole, a third product deriving from the elimination of NO from the nitro group (C(6)H(11)N(2)O(2)), and a fourth unidentified degradate with a likely elemental composition of C(5)H(10)N(3)O.
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PMID:Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the photolysis of metronidazole in simulated aqueous environmental matrices using a mass spectrometric approach. 2097 47

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) of different sizes toward two primary producer aquatic species. Thalassiosira pseudonana and Synechococcus sp. have been selected as representative models for the lower trophic organisms in marine and freshwater habitats, respectively. Time-dependent cellular growth was measured upon exposure to both AgNP and silver nitrate (AgNO(3)). In addition, AgNP behavior in freshwater and marine waters has been followed by CPS disc centrifuge, in the time frame of AgNP exposure studies, and the kinetic release of silver from AgNP of different sizes was measured by dialysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The combination and interpretation of all these data suggest that a shared effect of AgNP and released silver was responsible for the toxicity in both organisms. Furthermore, the toxic effects induced by AgNP exposure in the present study seem to result from a mixture of parameters including aggregated state, size of the AgNP, stability of the preparation, and speciation of the released silver.
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PMID:Effects of silver nanoparticles in diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. 2295 73

Hyperlipidic diets limit glucose oxidation and favor amino acid preservation, hampering the elimination of excess dietary nitrogen and the catabolic utilization of amino acids. We analyzed whether reduced urea excretion was a consequence of higher NO x ; (nitrite, nitrate, and other derivatives) availability caused by increased nitric oxide production in metabolic syndrome. Rats fed a cafeteria diet for 30 days had a higher intake and accumulation of amino acid nitrogen and lower urea excretion. There were no differences in plasma nitrate or nitrite. NO(x) and creatinine excretion accounted for only a small part of total nitrogen excretion. Rats fed a cafeteria diet had higher plasma levels of glutamine, serine, threonine, glycine, and ornithine when compared with controls, whereas arginine was lower. Liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I activity was higher in cafeteria diet-fed rats, but arginase I was lower. The high carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase activity and ornithine levels suggest activation of the urea cycle in cafeteria diet-fed rats, but low arginine levels point to a block in the urea cycle between ornithine and arginine, thereby preventing the elimination of excess nitrogen as urea. The ultimate consequence of this paradoxical block in the urea cycle seems to be the limitation of arginine production and/or availability.
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PMID:Altered nitrogen balance and decreased urea excretion in male rats fed cafeteria diet are related to arginine availability. 2470 2