Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.5.5 (CPS)
 1,262 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activated CO2 intermediate formed in the reaction catalyzed by glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase was identified as carbonic-phosphoric anhydride through the use of two independent procedures. The carboxy phosphate intermediate was reduced to formate by treatment with potassium borohydride. Although both free CO2 and the enzyme-bound activated CO2 are reduced to formic acid by borohydride, it was possible to selectively introduce a 14C label into the enzyme-bound activated CO2 and thus into the formic acid derived from it. Such [14C]formate formation required the presence of ATP, KCl, and the enzyme, and evidence was obtained that the [14C]formate found is not derived from carbamyl phosphate or from bicarbonate bound nonspecifically to the enzyme. When the enzyme was treated with L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate (or cyanate), the formation of [14C]formate was increased about 2-fold, a finding consistent with the previous observation that such treatment effects a similar increase in the bicarbonate-dependent cleavage of ATP catalyzed by the enzyme. When reaction mixtures containing the enzyme, [gamma-32P]ATP, and [14C]bicarbonate were methylated by treatment with diazomethane, a labeled compound was formed which cochromatographed with authentic trimethyl carboxy phosphate. Equimolar quantities of 14C and 32P wer incorporated into the intermediate, thus confirming its identification as carboxy phosphate. Nonenzymatic transphosphorylation from ATP to bicarbonate to form carboxy phosphate was also detected by diazomethane trapping.
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PMID:Identification of enzyme-bound activated CO2 as carbonic-phosphoric anhydride: isolation of the corresponding trimethyl derivative from the active site of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase. 18 54

The purimidine-3 locus of Neurospora crassa specifies two enzyme activities, pyrimidine-specific carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSpyr) and aspartate transcarbamylase (ATC). ATC is translationally distal. CPSpyr, but not ATC, is subject to feedback inhibition by uridine triphosphate (UTP). To investigate the location of the feedback-specific region within the locus, inhibition of a number of pyr-3 alleles by UTP was investigated. All CPS+ ATC- polar alleles, revertants of CPS- ATC- polar alleles, and 5-fluorouracil-resistant mutants had normal UTP response. The location of the feedback-specific region is in or close to the CPS-specific region.
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PMID:The location of the feedback-specific region with the pyrimidine-3 locus of Neurospora crassa. 18 23

Application of the pulse-chase procedure to study of the binding and utilization of ATP by glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli showed that the enzyme binds the two molecules of ATP used in this reaction at the same time, and that the two ATP-binding sites are functionally different. Thus, ATP bound to the first ATP site is used for carboxy phosphate formation, and ATP bound to the second ATP site is used for phosphorylation of carbamate. The present and previous findings support a mechanism that involves intermediate formation of two highly unstable intermediates: carboxy phosphate and carbamate. It is proposed that the presence of all of the reactants on the enzyme at the start of the catalytic cycle allows immediate utilization of these labile compounds in the carbamyl phosphate synthesis reaction.
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PMID:Mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Binding of ATP to the two functionally different ATP sites. 20 98

Activities of Krebs-Henseleit enzymes were determined in liver biopsies of normal persons and in patients suffering from alcoholic hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. Prednisone was administered for five days in falling dosis (1.5 mg-0.5 mg/kg/body weight) to patients with alcoholic hepatitis and to controls. Patients with chronic active hepatitis received 15-20 mg prednisone daily for more than three months. In healthy persons prednisone did not influence the activities of Krebs-Henseleit enzymes. In patients with alcoholic hepatitis most of the urea-cycle enzymes are significantly decreased (p is less than 0.05) when compared to controls. After glucocorticoid administration enzyme activities remained unchanged. Activities of most of the urea-cycle enzymes are significantly (p is less than 0.05) decreased in untreated patients with chronic active hepatitis. In some of these patients, glucocorticoid administration was associated with a remission as proved by clinical, biochemical and histological data. Activities of the rate-limiting enzymes of the urea-cycle (ASAS, CPS) increased significantly in these patients. By contrast, alterations of enzyme activities could not be observed in patients who failed to respond favourably to steroid treatment.
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PMID:Influence of steroids on urea-cycle enzymes in chronic human liver disease. 20 3

The arginine-specific carbamoyl-phosphate synthase of yeast was stabilized sufficiently to allow partial purification of the enzyme (30- to 40-fold). The synthase (mol. wt 115000) comprised two unequal subunits: a heavy subunit (mol. wt 80000) capable of catalysing synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate with ammonia as a nitrogen donor and a light subunit conferring upon the holoenzyme the ability to utilize glutamine. The enzyme had unusually high affinity for ATP (Km = 0.2 mM) and atypical negative cooperativity for glutamine binding ([S]0.5 = 0.25 mM). Glutamine activity was not modulated by possible effectors such as arginine, ornithine or N-acetylglutamate. Thus, although the yeast arginine enzyme physically and functionally resembles the single enteric synthase, the systems differ substantially both in kinetic properties and in regulation of activity.
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PMID:Purification and properties of the arginine-specific carbamoyl-phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 20 52

The pyrimidine-3 locus of Neurospora crassa specifies a multienzyme complex comprising pyrimidine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthase (CPSpyr) and aspartate carbamoyl transferase (ACT). It appears to be divided into a translationally proximal CPS-specific region and a distal ACT-specific region. Levels of complementation for ACT activity between pairs of four pyr-3 CPS+ ACT- mutants showed a range from 12% to 68% of the wild-type level of the enzyme. This is interpreted as interallelic complementation, contradicting certain earlier suggestion of two dissimilar ACT subunits. Proteolysis of an extract from a heterokaryon formed from two of the above CPS+ ACT- alleles (alpha and beta) did not lead to loss of ACT activity, but led to the formation of a fragment with ACT activity with a similar molecular weight (92,000 daltons) to that produced in extracts of wild type strain. The pyr-3 polar mutant 43-174 which is enzymatically CPS+ ACT- and which fails to complement with any other CPS+ ACT- alleles, thus suggesting its location towards the proximal end of the ACT region, has CPS activity associated with a form of 180,000 daltons molecular weight. These findings are used to contruct a model for structure of the native enzyme complex.
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PMID:A possible model for the structure of the Neurospora carbamoyl phosphate synthase-aspartate carbamoyl transferase complex enzyme. 20 7

The kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase has been determined at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C. With ammonia as the nitrogen source, the initial velocity and product inhibition patterns are consistent with the ordered addition of MgATP, HCO3-, and NH3. Phosphate is then released and the second MgATP adds to the enzyme, which is followed by the ordered release of MgADP, carbamoyl phosphate, and MgADP. With glutamine as the ammonia donor, the patterns are consistent with a two-site mechanism in which glutamine binds randomly to the small molecular weight subunit producing glutamate and ammonia. Glutamate is released and the ammonia is transferred to the larger subunit. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase has also been shown to require a free divalent cation for full activity.
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PMID:Kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. 21 4

This paper demonstrates, by pulse-chase techniques, the binding to rat liver mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of the ATP molecule (ATPB) which transfers its gamma-phosphoryl group to carbamoyl phosphate. This bound APTB can react with NH3, HCO-3 and ATP (see below) to produce carbamoyl phosphate before it exchanges with free ATP. Mg2+ and N-acetylglutamate, but not NH3 or HCO-3, are required for this binding; the amount bound depends on the concentration of ATP (Kapp = 10--30 microns ATP) and the amount of enzyme. At saturation at least one ATPB molecule binds per enzyme dimer. Binding of ATPB follows a slow exponential time course (t1/2 8--16 s, 22 degrees C), independent of ATP concentration and little affected by NH3, NCO-3 or by incubation of the enzyme with unlabelled ATP prior to the pulse of [gamma-32P]ATP. Formation of carbamoyl phosphate from traces of NH3 and HCO-3 when the enzyme is incubated with ATP follows the kinetics expected if it were generated from the bound ATPB, indicating that the latter is a precursor of carbamoyl phosphate ('Cbm-P precursor') in the normal enzyme reaction. This indicates that the site for ATPB is usually inaccessible to ATP in solution but becomes accessible when the enzyme undergoes a periodical conformational change. Bound ATP becomes Cbm-P precursor when the enzyme reverts to the inaccessible conformation. Pulse-chase experiments in the absence of NH3 and HCO-3 (less than 0.2 mM) also demonstrate binding of ATPA (the molecule which yields Pi in the normal enzyme reaction), as shown by a 'burst' in 32Pi production. Therefore, (in accordance with our previous findings) both ATPA and ATPB can bind simultaneously to the enzyme and react with NH3 and HCO-3 in the chase solution before they can exchange with free ATP. However, at low ATP concentration (18 micron) in the pulse incubation, only ATPB binds since ATP is required in the chase (see above). Despite the presence of two ATP binding sites, the bifunctional inhibitor adenosine(5')pentaphospho(5')adenosine(Ap5A) fails to inhibit the enzyme significantly. A more detailed modification of the scheme previously published [Rubio, V. & Grisolia, S. (1977) Biochemistry, 16, 321--329] is proposed; it is suggested that ATPB gains access to the active centre when the products leave the enzyme and the active centre is in an accessible configuration. The transformation from accessible to inaccessible configuration appears to be part of the normal enzyme reaction and may represent to conformational change postulated by others from steady-state kinetics. The properties of the intermediates also indicate that hydrolysis of ATPA must be largely responsible for the HCO-3-dependent ATPase activity of the enzyme. The lack of inhibition of the enzyme by Ap5A indicates substantial differences between the Escherichia coli and the rat liver synthetase.
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PMID:Mechanism of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Binding of ATP by the rat-liver mitochondrial enzyme. 21 11

Total RNA or poly(A)(+) RNA of rat liver was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte or wheat germ protein-synthesizing system and the carbamyl phosphate synthetase I [carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia); carbon dioxide: ammonia ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating), EC 6.3.4.16] synthesized was isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation by using antibody purified on enzyme-bound Sepharose and Staphylococcus aureus cells. The in vitro product moved on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels as a polypeptide that was about 5000 daltons larger than the subunit of the mature enzyme (160,000 daltons). The same polypeptide was also obtained by direct immunoprecipitation or by a double-antibody precipitation method. The mature enzyme competed effectively with the in vitro product for interaction with anti-carbamyl phosphate synthetase I antibody. Digestion of the in vitro product by S. aureus protease gave a pattern of peptide fragments similar to that of the mature enzyme. A mitochondrial membrane preparation from rat liver converted the in vitro product into a polypeptide that comigrated with the mature subunit on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Similar proteolytic activity was not detected in either a cytosol or a microsomal fraction of rat liver. These results indicate that the enzyme is synthesized as a larger precursor which is converted to the mature form of enzyme by posttranslational processing.
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PMID:Cell-free synthesis and processing of a putative precursor for mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I of rat liver. 22 76

Methods are described for the determination of the activity of urea cycle enzymes in human and rat tissues by chromatography and videodensitometry(CV-technique). With specific substrates carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase activities were determined as the amounts of citrulline formed. Argininosuccinate synthetase, argininosuccinate lyase and arginase activities were measured from the changes in ornithine concentration. For measuring the activity of five enzymes 5 to 10 mg wet weight of tissue was sufficient. The CV-technique could be conveniently applied for the investigation of enzyme content in samples from human biopsy.
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PMID:Determination of enzyme activity by chromatography and videodensitometry. II. Urea cycle enzymes in tissue homogenates. 23 8


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