Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.5.5 (CPS)
 1,262 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was performed to clarify the roles of primary and secondary injections of antigen and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, CPS-K) in induction of antibody responses and in the development of immunological memory in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA). A primary injection of BSA alone neither induced significant primary antibody response nor increased immunological memory for a secondary antibody response but, if primary injections of BSA and CPS-K were performed simultaneously, high antibody responses were induced. Moreover, a prior injection of BSA alone or CPS-K alone decreased the level of primary antibody response and the degree of increase in memory following the subsequent injection of BSA mixed with CPS-K. In contrast, a secondary injection of BSA alone into mice once primed with a mixture of BSA and CPS-K elicited very high secondary type antibody response and increased secondarily the memory for a tertiary antibody response. Injection of CPS-K simultaneously with or shortly before or after the secondary injection of BSA did not increase the level of the secondary antibody response and the degree of the secondary increase in memory. Augmentation of the secondary antibody response was elicited by simultaneous injection of CPS-K only when the secondary response was induced inadequately by a suboptimum or supraoptimum dose of antigen.
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PMID:Adjuvant action of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on antibody response. IV. The roles of antigen and adjuvant for induction of primary and secondary antibody responses and for development of immunological memory to bovine serum albumin. 110 33

Rat liver carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is shown to be inhibited by anions competitively with acetylglutamate (the allosteric activator of the enzyme) with a potency decreasing in the order NO3- greater than SO4(2-) greater than Cl- approximately HCO3-. Inhibition by chloride accounts for most of the inhibition reported [Lund, P., and Wiggins, D. (1987) Biochem. J. 243, 273-276] in Tris buffer. Mes, acetate, and isethionate give little or no inhibition and phosphate inhibits noncompetitively. Plots of the KA value for acetylglutamate versus the concentration of chloride or nitrate are curved upward and binding assays demonstrate that the inhibitory anions displace acetylglutamate from the enzyme. Thus, the anions may compete with the carboxyls of acetylglutamate for positive charges at the binding site. Of the organic anions found in the mitochondrial matrix, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, succinate, and citrate increase substantially the KA for acetylglutamate. Changes in the concentrations of ATP, HCO3-, NH4+, and Mg2+, and high concentrations of protein (60 mg/ml serum albumin) influence the KA value. Changes in the concentration of the enzyme have no effect. Under assay conditions approaching the ionic, buffer, and substrate concentrations expected to occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the KA value for acetylglutamate is 27 microM and the Vmax is decreased about 50%. These results indicate that physiological changes in the level of acetylglutamate significantly influence the degree of activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in vivo.
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PMID:Influence of anions on the activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia) by acetylglutamate: implications for the activation of the enzyme in the mitochondria. 189 38

1. A lag period of about 4 days preceded the onset of metamorphosis precociously induced by tri-iodothyronine in tadpoles of the giant American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). It was established by the accelerated synthesis or induction of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and cytochrome oxidase in the liver, serum albumin and adult haemoglobin in the blood, acid phosphatase in the tail, and the increase in the hindleg/tail length ratio. 2. A 4- to 6-fold stimulation, 2 days after the induction of metamorphosis, of the rate of synthesis of rapidly labelled nuclear RNA in liver cells was followed by an increasing amount of RNA appearing in the cytoplasm. Most of the newly formed RNA on induction of metamorphosis was of the ribosomal type. An accelerated turnover at early stages of development preceded a net accumulation of RNA in the cytoplasm, with no change in the amount of DNA per liver. 3. Most hepatic ribosomes of the pre-metamorphic tadpoles were present as 78s monomers and 100s dimers; metamorphosis caused a shift towards larger polysomal aggregates with newly formed ribosomes that were relatively more tightly bound to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The appearance of new polyribosomes in the cytoplasm on induction of metamorphosis was co-ordinated in time with a stimulation of synthesis of phospholipids of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, followed by a gradual shift in preponderance from the smooth to the rough type of microsomal membranes. 5. Electron- and optical-microscopic examination of intact hepatocytes revealed a striking change in the distribution and nature of ribosomes and microsomal membranes during metamorphosis. 6. Ribosomes prepared from non-metamorphosing and metamorphosing animals were identical in their sedimentation coefficients and in the structural ribosomal proteins. The base composition and sedimentation coefficients of ribosomal RNA were also identical. Induction of metamorphosis also did not alter the incorporation of (32)P into the different phospholipid constituents of microsomal membranes. 7. Nascent (14)C-labelled protein with the highest specific activity was recovered in the ;heavy' rough membrane fraction of microsomes, whereas little (14)C was associated with ;free' polysomes. Protein synthesis in vivo was most markedly stimulated during metamorphosis in the tightly membrane-bound ribosomal fraction after the appearance of new ribosomes. 8. The rate of synthesis of macromolecules in vivo could not be followed beyond 7-8 days after induction because of variable shifts in precursor pools due to regression of larval tissues. 9. The stimulation of RNA and ribosome formation was specifically associated with the process of metamorphosis since no similar response to thyroid hormones occurred in those species (Axolotl and Necturus) in which the hormones failed to induce metamorphosis.
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PMID:The formation, distribution and function of ribosomes and microsomal membranes during induced amphibian metamorphosis. 558 18

When considered with other parameters, prognostic factors of survival in far advanced cancer patients are necessary to enable the doctor, the patient, and his or her relative to choose the most suitable clinical management and care setting. Original studies and literature reviews, albeit with methodologic difficulties, have identified the most important prognostic factors as being: CPS, KPS, signs and symptoms relating to nutritional status (i.e., weight loss, anorexia, dysphagia, xerostomia), other symptoms (dyspnea, cognitive failure) and some simple biologic parameters (serum albumin level, number of white blood cells and lymphocyte ratio). Some authors have weighed the different impact of the most important prognostic factors and have integrated them into prognostic scores for clinical use. Despite the usefulness of these instruments, however, the communication of a poor prognosis is one of the most difficult moments to face in the relationship between doctor and patient.
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PMID:Prognosis in advanced cancer. 1217 May 77

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus megaterium was immobilized using aminopropyl controlled-pore silica (CPS, average pore sizes of 170 and 500 A) as a support and glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional crosslinking agent. The CPS-immobilized enzyme could be reused 12 times and the best results were obtained using aminopropyl CPS-500 and bovine serum albumin as a feeder for stabilizing the protein layer on the support. DEAE-Sephadex (A-25 and A-50) was also used as a support for immobilizing GDH, with yields of around 42% for A-25 and 25-30% for A-50. The effect of pH on the immobilization procedure showed pH 6.5 to be better than pH 7.5 with respect to the recovery of enzyme activity. Both preparations of DEAE-Sephadex immobilized GDH could be reused several times and were thermostable at 40 degrees C for 7 h. The kinetic parameters as Michaelis constant and maximum rate were determined for the immobilized enzyme and compared with those for the freeform.
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PMID:Stabilization and reutilization of Bacillus megaterium glucose dehydrogenase by immobilization. 1857 86

In contrast to previous reports claiming bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation at mercury surfaces, recently it has been shown that BSA and other proteins do not denature as a result of adsorption to the mercury electrodes at alkaline and neutral pH values. In this pH range, constant current chronopotentiometry (CPS) with mercury or solid amalgam electrodes can be used to distinguish between native, denatured and damaged BSA. Here we show that at acid pH values (around pH 4.5) native and denatured BSA yield almost the same CPS responses suggesting denaturation of native BSA at the electrode surface. Under these conditions BSA is, however, not denatured at the electrode at accumulation potentials (E(A) values) close to the potential of zero charge, but at E(A) values more negative than -0.8 V, after destabilization of the surface-attached BSA by electroreduction of some disulfide groups at about -0.48 V and by electric field effects at more negative potentials.
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PMID:Potential-dependent surface denaturation of BSA in acid media. 1976 16

Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity are still largely elusive. Based on analysis with native gel electrophoresis, Al3+ plus 8-hydroxyquinoline staining and LC-MS/MS, the proteins with high Al3+ affinity were identified to be carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, adenosylhomocysteinase, heat shock protein 90-alpha, carbonic anhydrase 3, serum albumin and calreticulin. These proteins are involved in physiological processes such as the urea cycle, redox reactions, apoptosis and so on. Then we established an Al3+-treated rat model for biochemical tests, morphology observation and Ca2+ homeostasis analysis, in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage, hepatic histopathology and specific indicators of Al3+-related proteins in liver. Our findings indicated the high-affinity interactions with Al3+ perturbed the normal function of the above proteins, which could account for the mechanism underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Study on the mechanism underlying Al-induced hepatotoxicity based on the identification of the Al-binding proteins in liver. 3134 13

Glycoconjugate vaccines use protein carriers to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens. The protein component allows the vaccine to interact with T cells, providing a stronger and longer-lasting immune response than a polysaccharide interacting with B cells alone. Whilst in theory the mere presence of a protein component in a vaccine should be sufficient to improve vaccine efficacy, the extent of improvement varies. In the present review, a comparison of the performances of vaccines developed with and without a protein carrier are presented. The usefulness of analytical tools for macromolecular integrity assays, in particular nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, analytical ultracentrifugation and SEC coupled to multi-angle light scattering (MALS) is indicated. Although we focus mainly on bacterial capsular polysaccharide-protein vaccines, some consideration is also given to research on experimental cancer vaccines using zwitterionic polysaccharides which, unusually for polysaccharides, are able to invoke T-cell responses and have been used in the development of potential all-polysaccharide-based cancer vaccines.A general trend of improved immunogenicity for glycoconjugate vaccines is described. Since the immunogenicity of a vaccine will also depend on carrier protein type and the way in which it has been linked to polysaccharide, the effects of different carrier proteins and production methods are also reviewed. We suggest that, in general, there is no single best carrier for use in glycoconjugate vaccines. This indicates that the choice of carrier protein is optimally made on a case-by-case basis, based on what generates the best immune response and can be produced safely in each individual case.Abbreviations: AUC: analytical ultracentrifugation; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD: circular dichroism spectroscopy; CPS: capsular polysaccharide; CRM197: Cross Reactive Material 197; DT: diphtheria toxoid; Hib: Haemophilius influenzae type b; MALS: multi-angle light scattering; Men: Neisseria menigitidis; MHC-II: major histocompatibility complex class II; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; OMP: outer membrane protein; PRP: polyribosyl ribitol phosphate; PSA: Polysaccharide A1; Sa: Salmonella; St.: Streptococcus; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; Sta: Staphylococcus; TT: tetanus toxoid; ZPS: zwitterionic polysaccharide(s).
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PMID:Glycoconjugate vaccines: some observations on carrier and production methods. 3204 49