Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.4.6 (urease)
 7,490 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to improve the isolation and identification of yeasts in a cancer research hospital, a protocol was developed utilizing an improved blood culture methodology and a four-test schema for rapid yeast identification. The blood culturing technique, based upon centrifugation, has shown a ten-fold increase in isolation of fungi from blood and has provided for: quantitation or organisms, unlimited selection of media and atmospheres for primary culturing, and a 1:200 dilution of microorganisms away from serum antimicrobial factors and antibiotics. The four-test schema, which may be adapted for the identification of any unknown yeast in pure culture, consists of a dye pour plate auxanogram (DPPA), Tween 80-Oxgall-Caffeic acid (TOC), a rapid nitrate-reductase test (swab test) and Urea 'R' Broth. Using this protocol, over 95% of the clinical isolates received were correctly identified within 24 hours and 100% by 48 hours. By using DPPA, a 14 sugar assimilation pattern for each isolate was determined within 12 to 16 hours; and in some cases, as little as 6 hours. Growth on TOC yielded one of the following results: (1) Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea sequentially produced germ tubes and chlamydospores in 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively; (2) Cryptococcus neoformans produced a brown pigment specific for its identification in 12 hours or less. The swab test gave results on nitrate utilization in less than 15 minutes and urease was detected within 4 hours.
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PMID:Isolation and rapid identification of yeasts from compromised hosts. 37 Jun

Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been shown to possibly be a pathogen of gastric carcinoma. HP has urease activity and produces ammonia in the stomach. In this study, the role of ammonia on gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were investigated in rats. After 24 weeks pretreatment with MNNG (83 mg/l), 0.01% ammonia or tap water as a drinking water was administered for 24 weeks. The ammonia-treated rats showed a significantly higher incidence of gastric cancer (percent of animals with tumors and number of tumors per rat). Ammonia would thus appear to have an important role in HP-related human gastric carcinogenesis.
Cancer Lett 1992 Jul 31
PMID:Ammonia: a possible promotor in Helicobacter pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis. 151 5

Helicobacter pylori (HP) are Gram-negative spiral bacteria which occur in the human stomach. The bacteria were cultured in vitro for the first time in 1983. It is suspected that the bacteria may cause chronic gastritis of type B and may also be a contributory cause of chronic ulceration and cancer of the stomach. The bacteria are accompanied by characteristic inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa. The significance for gastritis, chronic ulceration, non-ulcer dyspepsia and carcinoma of the stomach is discussed. HP occurs in a great proportion of the population of the world and the frequency increases with age. The route of infection is unknown but faecal-oral infection is probable. Correlation between the presence of HP and the occurrence of symptoms is poor in the individual patient. The bacteria can be demonstrated histologically, cytologically, by culture, by the urease test, by the urease expiration test or serologically. The bacteria are sensitive for a series of antibiotics and bismuth but no effective treatment is known as the recurrence rate is high.
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PMID:[Helicobacter pylori]. 163 4

Trace levels of urethane, a cancer causing chemical, were detected in many kinds of wine, sherry, whisky, brandy and sake. Urethane formation from urea and ethanol in sake can be prevented by the treatment of acid urease, which is produced by Lactobacillus fermentum, but urethane, once formed, is very difficult to decompose. In order to keep the safety of alcoholic beverages, enzymatic removal of urethane has become an urgent problem. We found that Bacillus licheniformis sp., isolated from mouse gastrointestine, decomposed urethane to ethanol and ammonia. The enzyme showed higher urethanase activity at an acidic condition than at a neutral condition, and was resistant against ethyl alcohol of high concentrations. However, the enzyme had a low affinity to urethane for the industrial removal of the compound from alcoholic beverages.
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PMID:Urethanase of Bacillus licheniformis sp. isolated from mouse gastrointestine. 181 24

Urethan, a cancer causing chemical, was reported to contaminate some alcoholic beverages. Since urethan is formed by heating urea with ethyl-alcohol, removal of urea is necessary to prevent urethan formation in alcoholic beverages. Acid urease, whose optimal pH lies around 4, lowered urea concentrations in Japanese sake. This finding indicates a protective effect of acid urease on urethan's potential hazards in alcohol.
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PMID:Removal of urea from alcoholic beverages with an acid urease. 335 67

Weanling rats were fed low-fat (1% w/w safflower oil) or high-fat (1% w/w safflower oil plus 35% w/w beef fat or cocoa butter) diets for 30 days, and the activities of five cecal microbial enzymes were determined. When compared with the low-fat diet, beef fat significantly increased total cecal beta-glucuronidase activity, but cocoa butter, with a similar fatty acid composition, did not. Both high-fat diets significantly decreased total cecal azoreductase, beta-glucosidase, and nitrate reductase activities, but neither significantly affected urease activity. When expressed as specific activities (per 10(11) bacteria), cocoa butter decreased azoreductase, and beef fat caused increases of beta-glucuronidase and urease. Beef fat, but not cocoa butter, significantly reduced cecal bacterial numbers when compared to the low-fat diet. Both high-fat diets led to equivalent reductions in the proportion of aerobic bacteria.
Nutr Cancer 1984
PMID:Dietary fat and cecal microbial activity in the rat. 654 72

Historical review of the pathological investigation on stomach cancer in Japan shows that the central problem had been whether or not gastric cancer developed from chronic peptic ulcer. This theory of ulcer cancer sequence was developed from chronic peptic ulcer. This theory of ulcer cancer sequence was supported by many researchers after the war in the period of 1946-64. Subsequently, systematic studies made at the Cancer Institute revealed that carcinoma arises from the gastric mucosa independently of chronic ulcer. The pathological interest then shifted toward investigation of the histogenesis and biological characteristics of gastric carcinoma. It is concluded that gastric carcinoma can be classified into two types; undifferentiated carcinoma (UCA or gastric type) and differentiated one (DCA or intestinal type). The former arises from the ordinary mucosa and cancer phenotype of this carcinoma resembles to that of the ordinary mucosa, and the latter arises from the metaplastic epithelium of intestinal type showing a cancer phenotype resembling to that of the intestinal metaplastic epithelium. These two carcinomas are also different in biological behaviors, such as growth pattern, invasiveness, metastasis, and prognosis. The frequency of UCA is almost the same in both sexes. DCA, however, occurs more often in male than in female. The time trend data indicates that in both sexes the number of DCA decreased, but that of UCA is steady, so that the ratio of DCA to UCA decreased since 1965. These results combined with the concept of the basic and variable cancer leads to a conclusion that UCA is a basic cancer and DCA is a variable cancer of the stomach.
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PMID:Pathological studies of human gastric cancer. 676 3

Sodium saccharin, at concentrations similar to those in the urine of rats fed 1-5% sodium saccharin in their diet, markedly inhibited urease, and 3 proteases in vitro and sodium ion did not appear to play a role in enzyme inhibition. These observations suggest that enzyme inhibition of any of a large number of enzymes may play a role in the tumorigenesis of the urinary bladder by saccharin.
Cancer Lett
PMID:The inhibition of urease and proteases by sodium saccharin. 681 43

Adult rats were fed diets containing 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 g lactalbumin/kg diet for 10 days, and the activities of six cecal microbial enzymes were determined. Total activity per cecum of azoreductase, beta-glucosidase, and urease increased significantly with increasing dietary protein, whereas the activities of beta-glucuronidase and nitroreductase were not significantly affected. Nitrate reductase activity decreased significantly. Total numbers of cecal bacteria were not significantly altered by the treatment.
Nutr Cancer 1983
PMID:Dietary protein and cecal microbial metabolism in the rat. 687 47

Neopterin, a pteridine compound produced by macrophages activated by interferon-gamma, is widely used to assess the activation of cellular immunity. An elevation in serum or urinary neopterin reflects immune activation in many different disorders, including viral infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases or acute myocardial infarction, but less attention has been paid to neopterin concentration in other biological fluids. The aim of the present study was to examine neopterin concentration in gastric juice. An association with the presence of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium linked to the most common disorders of upper digestive tract, was also investigated. Gastric juice was obtained at endoscopy from 61 patients. Neopterin was determined by a radioimmunoassay and the presence of H. pylori was examined by urease test. The macroscopic finding of bile in gastric juice was associated with significantly higher neopterin levels compared to patients where no bile was noted (15.5 +/- 15.6 vs. 2.1 +/- 3.0 nmol/l, P < 0.001). However, similar concentrations were observed in the H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative patients (7.6 +/- 12.0 vs. 11.1 +/- 14.9 nmol/l). Even in the absence of macroscopic bile contamination, no significant difference could be found between the infected and uninfected patients (2.3 +/- 3.2 vs. 1.3 +/- 1.9 nmol/l), and the patients with duodenal ulcer and normal findings (3.8 +/- 4.6 vs 1.6 +/- 1.9 nmol/l). The contamination of gastric juice with bile represents the limitation for the use of neopterin as a marker of immune activation in the gastric mucosa. Rather than an index of immune activation, gastric juice neopterin concentration represents a marker of duodenogastric reflux.
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PMID:Gastric juice neopterin in Helicobacter pylori infection. 777 51


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