Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.2.3 (glutathione synthetase)
 678 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Little is known about the roles of androgens in the regulation of redox state in the prostate, a cellular process believed to profoundly influence normal and aberrant prostate functions. We demonstrate that castration induced discrete oxidative stress (OS) in the acinar epithelium of rat ventral prostate (VP), as evident from marked increases in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxy-guanosine and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in the regressing epithelium. Testosterone replacement partially reduced OS in VP epithelia of castrates, but the level remained higher than in intact rats. Quantification of steady-state mRNA levels of 14 genes involved in the anabolism and catabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that castration resulted in dramatic increases of three ROS-generating NAD(P)H oxidases (Noxs) including Nox1, gp91(phox), and Nox4, significant reductions of key ROS-detoxifying enzymes (superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin 5), and unchanged levels of catalase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutathione synthetase. Testosterone replacement in castrated rats partially reduced expression of Noxs but restored expression of superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin 5 to complete normalcy and induced a compensatory increase in expression of catalase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutathione synthetase in the regenerating VP. Expression of superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione S-transferase-pi, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was unaffected by castration and testosterone replacement. These findings indicate androgen-deprivation induces OS in the rat VP through elevation of ROS anabolism and diminution of antioxidant detoxification. Androgen replacement partially reduces OS in rat VP to precastration levels. Expression of Noxs remained high amid a broad-based recovery of antioxidant defense mechanism(s). These data might have implications on the use of androgen blockade for prostate cancer prevention and androgen therapy for andropause treatment in elderly men.
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PMID:Androgenic regulation of oxidative stress in the rat prostate: involvement of NAD(P)H oxidases and antioxidant defense machinery during prostatic involution and regrowth. 1463 23

Retinoids play important roles in many diverse biological functions such as cell growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, and reproduction. Previous studies demonstrated that retinol administration to ewes, followed by natural service, resulted in embryos with improved competence to develop under standard in vitro conditions (5% CO(2) in air). Additional studies provided evidence that retinol may have some antioxidant effect by improving blastocyst development in cattle under atmospheric conditions (5% CO(2) in air). Glutathione is an important non-protein, sulphydryl compound found in oocytes and embryos, which acts to decrease oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of retinol administration to ewes on the content of glutathione and glutathione-related and antioxidant enzymes in in vivo matured sheep oocytes. Briefly, ewes were administered retinol or vehicle during superovulation, and after 60h the oviducts were removed and mature oocytes collected. Glutathione content did not differ significantly between oocytes collected from retinol-treated ewes (6.78+/-3.81pmol/oocyte) and control ewes (6.38+/-1.58pmol/oocyte). Transcripts encoding for manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), glutathione synthetase (GS), and glutathione transferase pi (GSTp) were detected in single ovine oocytes; however, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis did not reveal any significant differences in transcripts between oocytes from retinol-treated ewes and those from control ewes.
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PMID:Glutathione content and antioxidant enzyme expression of in vivo matured sheep oocytes. 1927 97