Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
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Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
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Enzyme
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Query: EC:6.3.2.3 (
glutathione synthetase
)
678
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
The effects of long term intake of dietary alcohol on myocardial glutathione metabolism and taurine content were studied in rats. Alcohol, comprising more than 30% of the dietary calorie content, was administered to male CFY rats for six weeks. Compared with the controls, the left ventricle of the alcohol treated animals had an increased taurine content (18.4(2.6) vs 13.1(2.5) mumol X g wet weight-1) and a slightly, but not significantly, decreased reduced glutathione content. To assess the glutathione metabolism in the myocardium, the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and
glutathione synthetase
were measured. Significant increases were found in the activities of glutathione reductase (0.65(0.03) U.g wet weight-1 in the controls and 0.80(0.05) U.g wet weight-1 in the alcohol treated rats) and glutathione-
peroxidase
after six weeks of alcohol ingestion. Only slight, non-significant changes were found for the other enzymes investigated. It is thus apparent that in the myocardium of rats treated long term with ethanol the previously observed enhanced lipoperoxidation is not necessarily associated with severe glutathione depletion, and an increase in the activity of glutathione reductase might be responsible, at least in part, for the preservation of glutathione.
...
PMID:Effects of long term alcohol ingestion on glutathione metabolising enzymes and taurine contents in the myocardium of rats. 380 27
Legumes form a symbiotic interaction with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family to produce nitrogen-fixing root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. This process involves the recognition of the bacterial Nod factors by the plant which mediates the entry of the bacteria into the root and nodule organogenesis. We have examined the importance of the low molecular weight thiols, glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH), during the nodulation process in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Using both buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH and hGSH synthesis, and transgenic roots expressing
GSH synthetase
and hGSH synthetase in an antisense orientation, we showed that deficiency in GSH and hGSH synthesis inhibited the formation of the root nodules. This inhibition was not correlated to a modification in the number of infection events or to a change in the expression of the Rhizobium sp.-induced
peroxidase
rip1, indicating that the low level of GSH or hGSH did not alter the first steps of the infection process. In contrast, a strong diminution in the number of nascent nodules and in the expression of the early nodulin genes, Mtenod12 and Mtenod40, were observed in GSH and hGSH-depleted plants. In conclusion, GSH and hGSH appear to be essential for proper development of the root nodules during the symbiotic interaction.
...
PMID:Glutathione and homoglutathione play a critical role in the nodulation process of Medicago truncatula. 1578 39
Alcoholic extract of the stems of Coscinium fenestratum, a medicinal plant indigenous to India and Sri Lanka used in ayurveda and siddha medicine for treating diabetes, was studied for its carbohydrate metabolism effect and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Oral administration of C. fenestratum stem extract in graded doses caused a significant increase in enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase,
glutathione synthetase
,
peroxidase
, and glutathione peroxidase and in the nonenzymatic antioxidants ascorbic acid, ceruloplasmin and tocopherol. Effects of alcoholic extract on glycolytic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and hexokinase showed a significant increase in their levels, whereas a significant decrease was observed in the levels of gluconeogenic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in treated diabetic rats. Serum creatinine and urea levels also declined significantly. This investigation demonstrates significant antidiabetic activity of C. fenestratum.
...
PMID:Alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum regulates carbohydrate metabolism and improves antioxidant status in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. 1613 16
Chlorothalonil (CHT) and carbendazim (CAR) are two widely used fungicides in agriculture. Despite their agronomic importance in pest control, little is known about their detoxification in the plant. In this study, we investigated the effects of these fungicides on glutathione (GSH) content, GSH-dependent enzyme activities and gene expression in tomato leaves. Results showed that exposure to CHT resulted in increases in GSH content, activities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the transcriptional levels of glutathione S-transferase genes (GST1, GST2 and GST3),
glutathione synthetase
gene (GSH), glutathione reductase gene (GR) and glutathione peroxidase gene (GPX) in tomato leaves, but such increases were not observed in leaves exposed to CAR. In addition, GSTs, GR,
peroxidase
(POD) activities and most of GSH-dependent gene expression were induced by CHT in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest that GSH-dependent pathway plays an important role in the CHT detoxification but not in the CAR detoxification in tomato leaves.
...
PMID:The different responses of glutathione-dependent detoxification pathway to fungicide chlorothalonil and carbendazim in tomato leaves. 2034 72
The role of Anr in oxidative stress resistance was investigated in Pseudomonas extremaustralis, a polyhydroxybutyrate-producing Antarctic bacterium. The absence of Anr caused increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide under low oxygen tension. This phenomenon was associated with a decrease in the redox ratio, higher oxygen consumption and higher reactive oxygen species production. Physiological responses of the mutant to the oxidized state included an increase in NADP(H) content, catalase activity and exopolysaccharide production. The wild-type strain showed a sharp decrease in the reduced thiol pool when exposed to hydrogen peroxide, not observed in the mutant strain. In silico analysis of the genome sequence of P. extremaustralis revealed putative Anr binding sites upstream from genes related to oxidative stress. Genes encoding several chaperones and cold shock proteins, a
glutathione synthase
, a sulfate transporter and a thiol
peroxidase
were identified as potential targets for Anr regulation. Our results suggest a novel role for Anr in oxidative stress resistance and in redox balance maintenance under conditions of restricted oxygen supply.
...
PMID:Anr, the anaerobic global regulator, modulates the redox state and oxidative stress resistance in Pseudomonas extremaustralis. 2322 40
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nanotitania: TiO
2
NPs) are used in a wide range of consumer products, paints, sunscreens, and cosmetics. The increased applications lead to the subsequent release of nanomaterials in environment that could affect the plant productivity. However, few studies have been performed to determine the overall effects of TiO
2
NPs on edible crops. We treated tomato plants with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/L TiO
2
NPs in a hydroponic system for 2 weeks and examined physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes. The dual response was observed on growth and photosynthetic ability of plants depending on TiO
2
NPs concentrations. Low concentrations (0.5-2 g/L) of TiO
2
NPs boosted growth by approximately 50% and caused significant increase in photosynthetic parameters such as quantum yield, performance index, and total chlorophyll content as well as induced expression of
PSI
gene with respect to untreated plants. The high concentration (4 g/L) affected these parameters in negative manner. The catalase and
peroxidase
activities were also elevated in the exposed plants in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, exposed plants exhibited increased expressions of
glutathione synthase
and glutathione
S
-transferase (nearly threefold increase in both roots and leaves), indicating a promising role of thiols in detoxification of TiO
2
NPs in tomato. The elemental analysis of tissues performed at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/L TiO
2
NPs indicates that TiO
2
NPs transport significantly affected the distribution of essential elements (P, S, Mg, and Fe) in roots and leaves displaying about threefold increases in P and 25% decrease in Fe contents. This study presents the mechanistic basis for the differential responses of titanium nanoparticles in tomato, and calls for a cautious approach for the application of nanomaterials in agriculture. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Movement of nanotitania in plant tissues
.
...
PMID:Nanotitania Exposure Causes Alterations in Physiological, Nutritional and Stress Responses in Tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
). 2848 86
Legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixation root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The contribution of glutathione (GSH) to this symbiosis and anti-oxidative damage was investigated using the M. huakuii gshB (encoding
GSH synthetase
) mutant. The gshB mutant grew poorly with different monosaccharides, including glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or mannitol, as sole sources of carbon. The antioxidative capacity of gshB mutant was significantly decreased by these treatments with H
2
O
2
under the lower concentrations and cumene hydroperoxide (CUOOH) under the higher concentrations, indicating that GSH plays different roles in response to organic peroxide and inorganic peroxide. The gshB mutant strain displayed no difference in catalase activity, but significantly lower levels of the
peroxidase
activity and the glutathione reductase activity than the wild type. The same level of catalase activity could be associated with upregulation of the transcriptional activity of the catalase genes under H
2
O
2
-induced conditions. The nodules infected by the gshB mutant were severely impaired in abnormal nodules, and showed a nodulation phenotype coupled to a 60% reduction in the nitrogen fixation capacity. A 20-fold decrease in the expression of two nitrogenase genes, nifH and nifD, is observed in the nodules induced by gshB mutant strain. The symbiotic deficiencies were linked to bacteroid early senescence.
...
PMID:Glutathione is Involved in Detoxification of Peroxide and Root Nodule Symbiosis of Mesorhizobium huakuii. 3162 68
