Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:6.3.2.3 (glutathione synthetase)
 678 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the research was to investigate the variation of gene expression in the blood of lactating cows in relation to the genetic merit for productive traits. For the study, 24 Italian Holstein (IH) cows from a single farm and 24 Italian Simmental (IS) cows from a second farm were selected. Cows were in mid-lactation, and farms had similar management and feeding conditions. For each breed, cows were separated into 3 classes of estimated breeding value (EBV) for milk protein yield (EBVp), namely, 8 cows with low EBVp (low group, LG), 8 cows with high EBV (high group, HG), and the 8 cows closest to the median (medium group, MG). Gene expression was measured on blood with a whole-transcriptome bovine microarray, and data of LG and HG were expressed relative to MG. The number of differentially expressed genes between the low and high EBVp groups were 443 for IS and 281 for IH cows. The IS cows had a greater number of genes (398 vs. 241 in IH cows) with opposite expression in the high and low EBV groups, compared with the MG. In IS cows, the largest number of pathways affected were within the KEGG subcategories of "energy metabolism," "lipid metabolism," and "metabolism of cofactors and vitamins." Furthermore, the "glutathione metabolism" pathway was markedly affected, with GSTM1 (from glutathione-S-transferase family), GSS (glutathione synthetase), and G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) upregulated in the IS HG but downregulated in the IS LG group. The "intestinal immune network for IgA production" pathway had 2 bovine leukocytes antigen (BoLA-DQ) genes, and the B-cell activating factor of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF13B) upregulated in the IS LG group and downregulated in the IS HG group. The IH cows had the highest number of affected pathways in the "metabolism" and "organismal systems" categories, the latter with 5 out of 10 subcategories relative to the immune system. Within the "T cell receptor signaling pathway," the IH HG cows had upregulation of the CD1d, CD4, and CD3 antigens and downregulation of the NFkB subunit ReLa gene. This study revealed that specific metabolic and immunological pathways are directly related to genetic merit, and could be considered a signature of quantitative selection. Starting from these preliminary observations, the comparison of differentially expressed genes among animals with different EBVp seems a promising approach to unravel molecular response at a blood level associated with productive traits.
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PMID:Transcriptome profiles of whole blood in Italian Holstein and Italian Simmental lactating cows diverging for genetic merit for milk protein. 2614 63

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an investigational drug that is used in the treatment of various congenital and acquired disorders of energy metabolism. Although DCA is generally well tolerated, some patients experience peripheral neuropathy, a side effect more common in adults than children. Repetitive DCA dosing causes downregulation of its metabolizing enzyme, glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), which is also critical in the detoxification of maleylacetoacetate and maleylacetone. GSTZ1 (-/-) knockout mice show upregulation of glutathione transferases (GSTs) and antioxidant enzymes as well as an increase in the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH), suggesting GSTZ1 deficiency causes oxidative stress. We hypothesized that DCA-mediated depletion of GSTZ1 causes oxidative stress and used the rat to examine induction of GSTs and antioxidant enzymes after repeated DCA exposure. We determined the expression of alpha, mu, pi, and omega class GSTs, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase complex (GCLC), and glutathione synthetase (GSS). GSH and GSSG levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Enzyme activity was measured in hepatic cytosol using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and 2,6-dichloroindophenol as substrates. In comparison with acetate-treated controls, DCA dosing increased the relative expression of GSTA1/A2 irrespective of rodent age, whereas only adults displayed higher levels of GSTM1 and GSTO1. NQO1 expression and activity were higher in juveniles after DCA dosing. GSH concentrations were increased by DCA in adults, but the GSH:GSSG ratio was not changed. Levels of GCLC and GSS were higher and lower, respectively, in adults treated with DCA. We conclude that DCA-mediated depletion of GSTZ1 causes oxidative stress and promotes the induction of antioxidant enzymes that may vary between age groups. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treatment with the investigational drug, dichloroacetate (DCA), results in loss of glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1) and subsequent increases in body burden of the electrophilic tyrosine metabolites, maleylacetoacetate and maleylacetone. Loss of GSTZ1 in genetically modified mice is associated with induction of glutathione transferases and alteration of the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione. Therefore, we determined whether pharmacological depletion of GSTZ1 through repeat administration of DCA produced similar changes in the liver, which could affect responses to other drugs and toxicants.
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PMID:Exposure of Rats to Multiple Oral Doses of Dichloroacetate Results in Upregulation of Hepatic Glutathione Transferases and NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase [Quinone] 1. 3287 92