Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.3.2.19 (ubiquitin-protein ligase)
 799 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

pVHL, the product of the VHL tumor suppressor gene, plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation of human kidney cells, and inactivation of the VHL gene is the most frequent genetic event in human kidney cancer. The biochemical function of pVHL is unknown. Here we report that pVHL exists in vivo in a complex that displays ubiquitination-promoting activity in conjunction with the universally required components E1, E2, and ubiquitin. pVHL-associated ubiquitination activity requires, at a minimum, pVHL to bind elongin C and Cul-2, relatives of core components of SCF (Skp1-Cdc53/Cul-1-F-box protein) E3 ligase complexes. Notably, certain tumor-derived mutants of pVHL demonstrate loss of associated ubiquitination promoting activity. These results identify pVHL as a component of a potential SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and suggest a direct link between pVHL tumor suppressor and the process of ubiquitination.
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PMID:The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein is a component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. 1042 34

Mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene result in constitutive expression of many hypoxia-inducible genes, at least in part because of increases in the cellular level of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha, which in normal cells is rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome under normoxic conditions. The recent observation that the VHL protein is a subunit of an Skp1-Cul1/Cdc53-F-box (SCF)-like E3 ubiquitin ligase raised the possibility that VHL may be directly responsible for regulating cellular levels of HIF1alpha by targeting it for ubiquitination and proteolysis. In this report, we test this hypothesis directly. We report development of methods for production of the purified recombinant VHL complex and present direct biochemical evidence that it can function with an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to activate HIF1alpha ubiquitination in vitro. Our findings provide new insight into the function of the VHL tumor suppressor protein, and they provide a foundation for future investigations of the mechanisms underlying VHL regulation of oxygen-dependent gene expression.
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PMID:Activation of HIF1alpha ubiquitination by a reconstituted von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor complex. 1097 99

The SCF complex is a type of ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) that consists of invariable components, including Skp1, Cdc53/Cul1, and Rbx1, as well as variable components known as F-box proteins. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we isolated six proteins that interact with Schizosaccharomyces pombe Skp1. Among them, Pof10 is a novel F-box protein consisting of 662 amino acids, harboring the F-box domain required for the binding to Skp1 and followed by four WD40 repeats. Overexpression of Pof10 in fission yeast resulted in loss of viability with marked morphological changes that are similar to those in pop1 mutant yeast. Coexpression of Skp1 with Pof10 prevented the lethality, suggesting that the lethality from Pof10 overexpression results from the sequestration of Skp1 from other F-box proteins including Pop1. Whereas most F-box proteins show rapid turnover, Pof10 has a remarkably long half-life in vivo and has been shown to be localized predominantly in cytoplasm. These results suggest that the stable F-box protein Pof10 might target abundant cytoplasmic proteins for degradation in fission yeast.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of a novel F-box protein Pof10 in fission yeast. 1182 Jul 77

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)/Rel proteins are dimeric, sequence-specific transcription factors involved in the activation of an exceptionally large number of genes in response to inflammation, viral and bacterial infections, and other stressful situations requiring rapid reprogramming of gene expression. In unstimulated cells, NF-kappaB is sequestered in an inactive form in the cytoplasm bound to inhibitory IkappaB proteins. Stimulation leads to the rapid phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, and ultimately proteolytic degradation of IkappaB, which frees NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of its target genes. The multisubunit IkappaB kinase (IKK) responsible for the inducible phosphorylation of IkappaB appears to be the initial point of convergence for most stimuli that activate NF-kappaB. IKK contains two catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, both of which phosphorylate IkappaB at sites phosphorylated in vivo. Gene knockout studies indicate that IKKbeta is primarily responsible for the activation of NF-kappaB in response to proinflammatory stimuli, whereas IKKalpha is essential for keratinocyte differentiation. The activity of IKK is regulated by phosphorylation. IKK contains a regulatory subunit, IKKgamma, which is critical for activation of IKK and is postulated to serve as a recognition site for upstream activators. When phosphorylated, the IKK recognition site on IkappaBalpha serves as a specific recognition site for the kappa-TrCP-like component of a Skp1-Cullin-F-box-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. A variety of other signaling events, including phosphorylation of NF-kappaB, phosphorylation of IKK, new synthesis of IkappaBs, and the processing of NF-kappaB precursors provide mechanisms of modulating the amount and duration of NF-kappaB activity.
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PMID:The NF-kappa B activation pathway: a paradigm in information transfer from membrane to nucleus. 1186 84

Reduced expression level of p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is associated with high aggressiveness and poor prognosis of various malignant tumors, including gastric carcinoma. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), a member of the F-box family of substrate-recognition subunits of Skp1-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, is necessary for p27 ubiquitination and degradation. In the present study, we examined the clinical and biological significance of Skp2 expression in human gastric carcinoma and the relationship between the expression of Skp2 and p27. Northern blot analysis showed that Skp2 mRNA was overexpressed in carcinoma tissues (P < 0.05), and the high Skp2 expression group showed significantly poorer prognosis in 98 patients with gastric carcinoma (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Skp2 protein was expressed predominantly in carcinoma cells. We also found an inverse correlation between the expression of Skp2 mRNA and p27 protein in vivo (P < 0.01). To analyze the biological behavior of Skp2, we established stably Skp2-transfected gastric carcinoma cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that Skp2-transfected cells expressed lower levels of p27 protein than the control cells. Skp2-transfected cells showed significantly higher levels of growth rate (P < 0.05), percentage of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells after serum starvation (P < 0.01), resistance to apoptosis induction by actinomycin D treatment (P < 0.05), and invasion potential (P < 0.01) than the control cells. These findings indicate that Skp2 expression can modulate the malignant phenotype of gastric carcinoma, possibly via p27 proteolysis. Skp2 can play an important role in gastric carcinoma progression and would be a novel target for the treatment of gastric carcinoma as well as a strong prognostic marker.
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PMID:Clinical and biological significance of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) gene expression in gastric carcinoma: modulation of malignant phenotype by Skp2 overexpression, possibly via p27 proteolysis. 1209 95

F-box proteins, a critical component of the evolutionary conserved ubiquitin-protein ligase complex SCF (Skp1/Cdc53-Cullin1/F-box), recruit substrates for ubiquitination and consequent degradation through their specific protein-protein interaction domains. Here, we report the identification of full-length cDNAs encoding three novel human F-box proteins named FBG3, FBG4 and FBG5 which display similarity with previously identified NFB42 (FBX2) and FBG2 (FBX6) proteins. All five proteins are characterized by an approximately 180-amino-acid (aa) conserved C-terminal domain and thus constitute a third subfamily of mammalian F-box proteins. Analysis of genomic organization of the five FBG genes revealed that all of them consist of six exons and five introns. FBG1, FBG2 and FBG3 genes are located in tandem on chromosome 1p36, and FBG4 and FBG5 are mapped to chromosome 19q13. FBG genes are expressed in a limited number of human tissues including kidney, liver, brain and muscle tissues. Expression of rat FBG2 gene was found related to differentiation/proliferation status of hepatocytes. Specifically, FBG2 mRNA was expressed in foetal liver, decreased after birth and re-accumulated in adult liver. Expression of FBG2 was strongly inhibited in hepatoma cells by okadaic acid.
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PMID:A new subfamily of structurally related human F-box proteins. 1238 98

Two multiprotein E3 (ubiquitin-protein ligase) ubiquitin ligases, the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box) and the APC/C (anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome), are vital in ensuring the temporal order of the cell cycle. Particularly, timely destruction of cyclins via these two E3s is essential for down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase. In general, G(1) and S phase cyclins are ubiquitylated by the SCF, whereas ubiquitylation of mitotic cyclins is catalyzed by the APC/C. Here we show that fission yeast S phase cyclin Cig2 is ubiquitylated and degraded via both the SCF and the APC/C. Cig2 instability during G(2) and M phase is dependent upon the SCF complex, whereas the APC/C is responsible for Cig2 destruction during anaphase and G(1), thereby ensuring a spike pattern of Cig2 levels, peaking only at S phase. Two F-box/WD proteins Pop1 and Pop2, homologues of budding yeast Cdc4 and human Fbw7, are responsible for Cig2 instability. Pop1 binds Cig2 in vivo. An in vitro binding assay shows that an internal 93 amino acid residues comprising a part of the cyclin box are necessary and sufficient for this binding. Cig2 phosphorylation is also required for interaction with Pop1. We previously showed that transcriptional oscillation of cig2(+) requires Pop1 and Pop2 function. SCF(Pop1/Pop2) therefore regulates Cig2 levels in a dual manner, transcriptionally and post-translationally. Our results also highlight a collaborative action of the APC/C and the SCF toward the common substrate Cig2. This type of composite degradation control may be more general as the regulatory mechanism in other complex systems.
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PMID:Requirement of the SCFPop1/Pop2 Ubiquitin Ligase for Degradation of the Fission Yeast S Phase Cyclin Cig2. 1497 Feb 37

Several studies have examined the importance of ubiquitin-like posttranslational modifiers (which consist of an unexpectedly large family). Of these, NEDD8 (also called Rub1, related to ubiquitin 1) with a high homology to ubiquitin is covalently linked to all members of cullin (Cul)-family proteins through an enzymatic cascade analogous to ubiquitylation. Cul-family proteins are scaffold proteins for a wide series of ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, such as SCFs (Skp1, Cul-1, Roc1, and F-box proteins), which regulate the degradation of broad range of cellular proteins. Unlike ubiquitin, which mostly acts as a degradation signal for the target proteins, NEDD8 acts as an activation signal for Cul-family proteins; i.e., Cul-based ubiquitin-protein ligases. Accordingly, the NEDD8 conjugation pathway regulating Cul-protein function is responsible for a diverse array of biologically important processes, such as the cell cycle progression, signalling cascades and developmental programs. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that the COP9/Signalosome complex interacts physically and genetically with Cul-family proteins, and catalyzes deconjugation of NEDD8 ligated to Cul-family proteins. This review summarizes recent advances in biochemical and genetic studies on how the NEDD8-modifying system regulates Cul-family proteins and their physiology.
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PMID:Cullin-based ubiquitin ligase and its control by NEDD8-conjugating system. 1518 May 22

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is one of the major protein turnover mechanisms that plays important roles in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. It is composed of E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 ubiquitin ligases that transfer ubiquitin to the substrates that are subjected to degradation in the 26S proteasome. The Skp1, Cullin, F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligases are the largest E3 gene family, in which the F-box protein is the key component to determine substrate specificity. Although the SCF E3 ligase and its F-box proteins have been extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only limited studies have been reported on the role of F-box proteins in other fungi. Recently, a number of studies revealed that F-box proteins are required for fungal pathogenicity. In this communication, we review the current understanding of F-box proteins in pathogenic fungi.
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PMID:The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and F-box Proteins in Pathogenic Fungi. 2278 11

The involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the course of various age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is well established. The single RING finger type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PARK2 is mutated in a Parkinson's disease (PD) variant and was found to interact with ATXN2, a protein where polyglutamine expansions cause Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) or increase the risk for Levodopa-responsive PD and for the motor neuron disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We previously reported evidence for a transcriptional induction of the multi-subunit RING finger Skp1/Cul/F-box (SCF) type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex component FBXW8 in global microarray profiling of ATXN2-expansion mouse cerebellum and demonstrated its role for ATXN2 degradation in vitro. Now, we documented co-localization in vitro and co-immunoprecipitations both in vitro and in vivo, which indicate associations of FBXW8 with ATXN2 and PARK2. Both FBXW8 and PARK2 proteins are driven into insolubility by expanded ATXN2. Whereas the FBXW8 transcript upregulation by ATXN2- expansion was confirmed also in qPCR of skin fibroblasts and blood samples of SCA2 patients, a FBXW8 expression dysregulation was not observed in ATXN2-deficient mice, nor was a PARK2 transcript dysregulation observed in any samples. Jointly, all available data suggest that the degradation of wildtype and mutant ATXN2 is dependent on FBXW8, and that ATXN2 accumulation selectively modulates FBXW8 levels, while PARK2 might act indirectly through FBXW8. The effects of ATXN2-expansions on FBXW8 expression in peripheral tissues like blood may become useful for clinical diagnostics.
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PMID:Both ubiquitin ligases FBXW8 and PARK2 are sequestrated into insolubility by ATXN2 PolyQ expansions, but only FBXW8 expression is dysregulated. 2579 Apr 75


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