Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dimercaprol (BAL) administered 1 hr before 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse produced an early preferential hepatic loading of 111In-bleomycin without a loading of the spleen, skin, bone, or muscle. Liver-to-muscle ratios were increased about threefold under the influence of BAL. Liver (c BAL)/liver (s BAL) ratios also increased threefold at 3 hr whereas relative muscle uptake remained at about unity. Indium-111 chloride (colloid, pH 6.5) used as a control did not show a similar increase. The findings suggest that the kinetics and distribution of 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse can be influenced by pretreatment with BAL.
J Nucl Med 1976 Dec
PMID:Influence of dimercaprol on the early hepatic uptake of 111In-bleomycin in the BALB/c mouse. 6 31

Arsenic (As2O3)-poisoned rats were treated with either 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) or dimercaptopropanol (BAL) at doses of 30 mg/kg/day. A control group received no treatment. The total quantity of arsenic excreted was not significantly different in response to 4 days of treatment with either DMS or BAL. In addition, there was no difference between the two drug treatment groups in the residual arsenic content of brain, liver, kidney and spleen after treatment. Both drugs reduced the arsenic content of each tissue to approximately 40% of that of untreated controls. Previous studies have shown that DMS is orally effective for the treatment of lead poisoning. The LD50 of DMS was determined to be in excess of 3 g/kg in rats and mice, approximately 30 times the LD50 of BAL. No gross, histopathological or biochemical evidence of toxicity was observed in mice, rats or dogs which received DMS 5 days per week for 6 months. DMS did not affect the excretion of zinc, iron, calcium or magnesium. Urinary copper excretion was significantly elevated in response to 30 mg/kg of DMS, suggesting that the drug might also be useful for the treatment of Wilson's disease.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978 Dec
PMID:The pharmacology of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and its potential use in arsenic poisoning. 21 41

Very low levels of lipase can easily be measured by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method), using BAL-tributyrate (BALB) as a substrate, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a chromogenic SH reagent, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride as an inhibitor of esterases and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. The BALB-DTNB method has a higher sensitivity than the conventional serum lipase assay methods, and proved useful for analyzing the properties of serum lipases in combination with gel-filtration on a Sephacryl S 200 column and isoelectrofocusing in an Ampholine column. Serum samples containing high levels of lipases from patients with pancreatic diseases or patients in whom the pancreatic exocrine gland had been stimulated by injecting caerulein and secretin were analyzed by these methods. The lipolytic profiles obtained indicated the presence of a lipase with an estimated molecular weight of 46,000 and isoelectric points of 7.4, 6.8, or/and 6.4. A lipase with properties similar to those of the serum lipase was found to be present in human pancreatic juice.
J Biochem 1978 Dec
PMID:Properties of serum lipase in patients with various pancreatic diseases. Analysis by a new serum lipase assay method (the BALB-DTNB method) in combination with gel-filtration and iso-electrofocusing techniques. 73 96

The ability of dithiol compounds with different spacing between the thiol (SH) groups to protect against and reversed the action of alloxan on islet tissue permeability, and their ability to inhibit the reaction between alloxan and glutathione (which results in the formation of a compound with a 305 nm absorption maximum) have been examined. Treatment of toadfish islet slices with alloxan markedly increased their permeability to D-mannitol-1-14C, which normally is restricted to the extracellular space. Pretreatment of the slices with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) or 1,4-dimercaptobutane (DMB) before treatment with alloxan completely protected them against this action of alloxan, whereas 1,5-dimercaptopentane (DMP) and 1,6-dimercaptohexane (DMH) partially protected and 1,8-dimercapto-octane (DMO) had no effect. When islets were first treated with alloxan and then treated with the dithiols, BAL and DMB reverse the action of alloxan to the greatest extent, DMP was less effective, and DMH had no effect. The effect of the dithiols on the reaction between alloxan and glutathione was consistent with their effects on the alloxan-induced increase in islet permeability; BAL and DMB were the strongest inhibitors, DMP and DMH inhibited to a lesser degree and DMO did not inhibit. These studies support the hypothesis that alloxan damages islet cell membranes by reacting with membrane dithiols formed by two SH groups which are relatively close together.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976 Dec
PMID:Effect of alloxan on islet tissue permeability: protection and reversal by dithiols. 79 16

The highly single strand-specific extracellular nuclease of Pseudomonas BAL 31 is shown to cleave non-supercoiled closed circular duplex PM2 bacteriophage DNA containing regions of altered helix structure produced in vitro by irradiation with ultraviolet light or by treatment with the carcinogen, N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. Untreated samples of this DNA are affected very little by the nuclease. The unwinding of the DNA helix associated with the above treatment renders the closed circular DNA positively supercoiled compared to untreated samples. The extent of unwinding can be accurately measured and correlated with the average number of lesions per molecule of DNA by monitoring the alterations of the electrophoretic patterns, relative to those observed for untreated DNA, of such DNA in agarose gels. Interstrand cross-links and mismatched base pairs produced by treatment of non-supercoilded circular duplex DNA with the mutagen, nitrous acid, do not detectably unwind the DNA helix. The nitrous acid-treated DNA provides substrates for cleavage by the Pseudomonas nuclease which are likely to be the interstrand cross-links rather than the mismatched base pairs. Use of the Pseudomonas nuclease in conjunction with agarose gel electrophoresis can provide a powerful method for the detection of damage in duplex DNA such as that introduced by carcinogenic and mutagenic agents.
J Biol Chem 1977 Dec 10
PMID:A sensitive endonuclease probe for lesions in deoxyribonucleic acid helix structure produced by carcinogenic or mutagenic agents. 92 19

Bacterial endotoxins alter the permeability of endothelium, but little is known of their effect on epithelium. We exposed specific pathogen-free rabbits to aerosolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS or saline and performed serial measurements of RL, Cdyn, BP, WBC count and differential, and platelet counts. Pulmonary 99mTc-DTPA half-life was measured 4, 6, or 8 h after exposure. The animals were sacrificed and BAL performed. Background and PMA-stimulated superoxide production was measured from individual AM using electrooptical determination of reduction of NBT. Lung tissue was processed for light microscopy and ratio of wet to dry weight. 99mTc-DTPA half-life was significantly shorter in LPS-exposed animals at 6 h (p < 0.05) and 8 h (p < 0.001). There were no differences in Cdyn, RL, BP, WBC, differential, platelet, or BAL cell count at any time between groups. No histologic changes or differences in lung wet to dry weight ratios were found. PMA-stimulated AM superoxide production was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in LPS-exposed animals. This effect was time dependent and could be duplicated in AM from control animals following a 4-h incubation with LPS, lavage fluid from LPS-exposed animals, or recombinant murine TNF. These results demonstrate that aerosolized Pseudomonas LPS increases pulmonary epithelial permeability and primes AM superoxide production.
Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 Dec
PMID:Aerosolized lipopolysaccharide increases pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA in rabbits. 133 39

A 54-year-old Japanese man demonstrated a sultamicillin-induced hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A positive lymphocyte stimulation test for sultamicillin and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio of lymphocytes in BAL fluid suggested that an alteration in cell-mediated mechanisms was responsible for the patient's symptoms.
Chest 1992 Dec
PMID:Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by penicillin. 144 20

Binding of folic acid (an intrinsic agonist) to the cell surface receptors evokes transmembrane signals for activation and adaptation of guanylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum. The activation signal activates this enzyme and then the adaptation signal terminates the activation. As a result, these two signals cooperatively induce a transient activation of guanylate cyclase. We investigated transmembrane signal transduction for guanylate cyclase using 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL, a thiol-reducing reagent) since BAL induces or modifies the transmembrane signal(s). We found that BAL induced prolonged or continuous activation of guanylate cyclase. Thus, the mode of the activation is drastically different (transient versus continuous) between folic acid and BAL. We also found that the BAL-induced continuous activation was not observed when the cells were stimulated with BAL + folic acid, while folic acid + BAL transiently induced more cGMP accumulation than folic acid alone. We lastly showed that K252a, a protein kinase inhibitor, enhanced both the folic acid-induced and the BAL-induced activation of guanylate cyclase. Our results suggest that BAL induces or mimics the activation signal for guanylate cyclase. The lack of termination in the BAL-induced activation suggests that BAL does not induce the adaptation signal or that the adaptation does not inhibit the BAL-induced activation. The former possibility is more likely since folic acid suppresses the BAL-induced continuous activation. The effect of K252a suggests that protein phosphorylation plays a role in suppression of guanylate cyclase.
J Biochem 1991 Dec
PMID:Reducing reagent-induced activation of guanylate cyclase in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. 168 9

The evaluation of activation markers such as T4/T8 ratio and HLA-DR expression of lymphocytes of bronchoalveolar lavage (L-BAL) is an important clinical approach for the staging of sarcoidosis. However, it is not known to what extent this is paralleled by an exaggerated lymphocyte function. We investigated the dependence of L-BAL activation markers on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by L-BAL and on the soluble IL-2 receptor serum level (sIL-2R) in 116 patients with sarcoidosis. In none of the combinations tested was a correlation between the two groups of parameters found; r less than 0.5, upper 90% confidence limit of r less than 0.8. Interestingly, IL-2 production is independent of HLA-DR+ T4 L-BAL, and sIL-2R production is independent of the percentage of IL-2+ L-BAL. Our data indicate that the L-BAL activation markers and the functional activity of T-cells represent independent phenomena.
Am Rev Respir Dis 1991 Dec
PMID:Correlation of clinical and immunologic parameters of the inflammatory activity of pulmonary sarcoidosis. 174 45

To investigate the prognostic utility of the morphologic and immunologic evaluation of BAL cell populations in determining mortality risk, we analyzed BAL data obtained from 115 patients infected with HIV-1. Forty fatal outcomes occurred within 73 patients with OI. The OI patients who died showed a significant increase in neutrophils with respect to surviving patients. Furthermore, the finding of a BAL neutrophilia in HIV-1-infected patients with OI strongly correlated with a high risk of death. Among 42 cases without OI, 11 patients died. Patients without OI who had a fatal outcome showed an increase in CD3+ and CD8+ BAL lymphocytes with respect to the survivors. The presence of a lymphocytic alveolitis was associated with a significant increase in the mortality rate. Taken together our data suggest that the evaluation of the BAL cell populations might be useful in predicting the risk of fatal outcome in patients with HIV-1 infection.
Chest 1991 Dec
PMID:Prognostic significance of the evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary involvement. 195 3


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