Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of different carbohydrate to protein ratios in food on cognitive functions and the relation between postprandial metabolic and cognitive changes were studied in 15 healthy male students. Subjects were tested in three sessions, separated by 1 week, for short-term changes in mood states, objective cognitive functions, blood parameters, and indirect calorimetry using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design. Measurements were made after an overnight fast before and hourly during 3.5 h after test meal ingestion. The isoenergetic (1670 kJ) test meals consisted of three carbohydrate to protein ratios, i.e. a carbohydrate-rich (CHO[4:1]), balanced (BAL[1:1]), and protein-rich (PRO[1:4]) meal, respectively. Overall accuracy in short-term memory was best after the PRO[1:4] meal concomitant to the least variation in glucose metabolism and glucagon to insulin ratio (GIR). Related to changes in glucose metabolism and/or in the ratios of large neutral amino acids (LNAA), respectively, attention and decision times were transiently improved within the first hour after the CHO[4:1] meal, whereas after the first hour the BAL[1:1] and PRO[1:4] meal resulted in improved performance. Overall reaction times of a central task were fastest after the BAL[1:1] meal concomitant to the highest overall tyrosine (Tyr) to LNAA ratio. Our findings suggest that the carbohydrate to protein ratio in food specifically influences higher cognitive functions in the morning. Except for a transient positive effect of rising blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal, a protein-rich or balanced meal seems to result in better overall cognitive performance presumably because of less variation in glucose metabolism and/or higher modulation in LNAA ratios indicated by the overall GIR.
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PMID:Carbohydrate to protein ratio in food and cognitive performance in the morning. 1189 69

Gateways to Clinical Trials are a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables have been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: A-007, A6, adalimumab, adenosine triphosphate, alefacept, alemtuzumab, AllerVax Ragweed, amphora, anakinra, angiotensin-(1-7), anidulafungin, apomine, aripiprazole, atomoxetine hydrochloride, avanafil; BAL-8557, becatecarin, bevacizumab, biphasic insulin aspart, BMS-188797, bortezomib, bosentan, botulinum toxin type B, brivudine; Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, caspofungin acetate, catumaxomab, certolizumab pegol, cetuximab, CG-0070, ciclesonide, cinacalcet hydrochloride, clindamycin phosphate/benzoyl peroxide, cryptophycin 52, Cypher; Dabigatran etexilate, darapladib, darbepoetin alfa, decitabine, deferasirox, desloratadine, dexanabinol, dextromethorphan/quinidine sulfate, DMF, drotrecogin alfa (activated), duloxetine hydrochloride; E-7010, edaravone, efalizumab, emtricitabine, entecavir, eplerenone, erlotinib hydrochloride, escitalopram oxalate, estradiol valerate/dienogest, eszopiclone, exenatide, ezetimibe; Fondaparinux sodium, fulvestrant; Gefitinib, gestodene, GYKI-16084; Hyaluronic acid, hydralazine hydrochloride/isosorbide dinitrate; Imatinib mesylate, indiplon, insulin glargine; Juzen-taiho-to; Lamivudine/zidovudine/abacavir sulfate, L-arginine hydrochloride, lasofoxifene tartrate, L-BLP-25, lenalidomide, levocetirizine, levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone, lexatumumab, lidocaine/prilocaine, lubiprostone, lumiracoxib; MAb-14.18, mitoquidone; Natalizumab, neridronic acid, neuradiab; Olpadronic acid sodium salt, omalizumab; p53-DC vaccine, parathyroid hormone (human recombinant), peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed disodium, perifosine, pimecrolimus, prasterone, prasugrel, PRO-2000, Pseudostat; R24, rasburicase, RHAMM R3 peptide, rilonacept, rosuvastatin calcium, rotavirus vaccine, rufinamide; Sabarubicin hydrochloride, SHL-749, sirolimus-eluting stent, SLx-2101, sodium butyrate, sorafenib, SU-6668; TachoSil, tadalafil, taxus, tegaserod maleate, telbivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, teriparatide, tetramethylpyrazine, teverelix, tiotropium bromide, tipifarnib, tirapazamine, tolvaptan, TransvaxTM hepatitis C vaccine, treprostinil sodium; Valganciclovir hydrochloride, valsartan/amlodipine, vandetanib, vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, vatalanib succinate, veglin, voriconazole; Yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan; Zileuton, zotarolimus, zotarolimus-eluting stent.
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PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1700 51

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the major pathogen in nosocomial and life-threatening infections of immunocompromised or critically ill patients. The macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) activates the immune system via Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 6 and leads to an accumulation of immune cells in lungs of young adult (8-10 week old) rats after intratracheal application. This is characterized by a high increase of granulocyte numbers in the BAL 24 h after MALP-2 treatment. It was hypothesized that MALP-2 may have a positive effect on the clinical course of an experimental infection. Therefore, rats were treated with MALP-2 at different time points following an infection with P. aeruginosa. The effect of MALP-2 in combination with immunization with inactivated P. aeruginosa was also investigated. Rats (n = 10) were infected intratracheally (i.t.) with 1 x 10(8) CFU P. aeruginosa on day 0. They were treated on day -3, -1, 0 and +1 with 2.5 microg MALP-2 or the vehicle i.t. In additional experiments, rats were immunized on day -21 and -14 with 1 x 10(8) CFU of inactivated P. aeruginosa bacteria and 2.5 microg MALP-2 or vehicle with 1 x 10(8) CFU of inactivated bacteria and isopropanol. The clinical score, rectal temperature and weight of the rats were checked in both treatment and immunization experiments twice a day. On day 2 they were sacrificed, CFU were determined in the left lung, the right lung being used for histology. In the group treated with MALP-2 1 day prior to infection significant effects were seen: The rectal temperature was about 2 degrees C higher in comparison to the controls at 6 h and also 1 day after infection. Both the symptoms of the infection and the weight loss were significantly reduced. In addition, the CFU and the inflammation in the lung tissue were significantly lower. These effects were not observed after treatment on day -3, 0 or +1. The MALP-2 enhanced immunization only resulted in a tendency to clinical improvement. In conclusion, local immunostimulation at the appropriate time can enhance the host defense against bacteria in the lung.
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PMID:Beneficial effects of TLR-2/6 ligation in pulmonary bacterial infection and immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1984 82

We studied cytokine profiles in BAL of LTRs with Aspergillus spp colonization who did not progress to IPA in the absence of antifungal prophylaxis. This was a retrospective, single center case-control study. BAL samples were analyzed for cytokines. Patients with Aspergillus spp in BAL who did not receive prophylaxis and did not develop IPA were compared to LTRs with Aspergillus spp that received prophylaxis, LTRs with IPA and controls. Twenty-one patients with Aspergillus colonization who did not develop IPA, seven patients with suspected IPA who received prophylaxis, 4 IPA and 19 controls were included. IPA group had significantly higher levels (median [IQR]) of MIP-1 beta compared to the Suspected IPA group (5 vs 5 P: 0.03). The Suspected IPA group had significantly higher levels of IL-12 (11.38 vs 1 P: 0.0001), IL-1 RA (86.11 vs 23.98 P: 0.0118), IP-10 (22.47 vs 0.86 P: 0.0151), HGF (40.92 vs 16.82 P: 0.0055), and MIG (169.62 vs 5 P: 0.0005) than Colonization group. We have identified a unique cytokine signature in patients with Aspergillus colonization that do not develop IPA. Our study forms basis for a larger study to use these cytokines profile to identify patients at a lower risk of developing IPA.
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PMID:Cytokine profile in lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus spp colonization. 3075 47