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Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (
BAL
)
1,977
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
d-Limonene
is an unsaturated volatile organic chemical found in cleaning products, air fresheners and soaps. It is oxidized by ozone to secondary organic aerosols consisting of aldehydes, acids, oxidants and fine and ultra fine particles. The lung irritant effects of these limonene ozone reaction products (LOP) were investigated. Female F344 rats (2- and 18-month-old) were exposed for 3 h to air or LOP formed by reacting 6 ppm d-limonene and 0.8 ppm ozone.
BAL
fluid, lung tissue and cells were analyzed 0 h and 20 h later. Inhalation of LOP increased TNF-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and superoxide dismutase in alveolar macrophages (AM) and Type II cells. Responses of older animals were attenuated when compared to younger animals. LOP also decreased p38 MAP kinase in AM from both younger and older animals. In contrast, while LOP increased p44/42 MAP kinase in AM from younger rats, expression decreased in AM and Type II cells from older animals. NF-kappaB and C/EBP activity also increased in AM from younger animals following LOP exposure but decreased or was unaffected in Type II cells. Whereas in younger animals LOP caused endothelial cell hypertrophy, perivascular and pleural edema and thickening of alveolar septal walls, in lungs from older animals, patchy accumulation of fluid within septal walls in alveolar sacs and subtle pleural edema were noted. LOP are pulmonary irritants inducing distinct inflammatory responses in younger and older animals. This may contribute to the differential sensitivity of these populations to pulmonary irritants.
...
PMID:Pulmonary effects of inhaled limonene ozone reaction products in elderly rats. 1761 Sep 24
Animal models of asthma have shown that limonene, a naturally occurring terpene in citrus fruits, can reduce inflammation and airway reactivity. However, the mechanism of these effects is unknown. We first performed computational and molecular docking analyses that showed limonene could bind to both A
2A
and A
2B
receptors. The pharmacological studies were carried out with A
2A
adenosine receptor knock-out (A
2A
KO) and wild-type (WT) mice using ovalbumin (OVA) to generate the asthma phenotype. We investigated the effects of limonene on lung inflammation and airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) and NECA (nonselective adenosine analog) by administering limonene as an inhalation prior to OVA aerosol challenges in one group of allergic mice for both WT and KO. In whole-body plethysmography studies, we observed that airway responsiveness to MCh in WT SEN group was significantly lowered upon limonene treatment but no effect was observed in A
2A
KO.
Limonene
also attenuated NECA-induced airway responsiveness in WT allergic mice with no effect being observed in A
2A
KO groups. Differential
BAL
analysis showed that limonene reduced levels of eosinophils in allergic WT mice but not in A
2A
KO. However, limonene reduced neutrophils in sensitized A
2A
KO mice, suggesting that it may activate A
2B
receptors as well. These data indicate that limonene-induced reduction in airway inflammation and airway reactivity occurs mainly via activation of A
2A
AR but A
2B
receptors may also play a supporting role.
...
PMID:Limonene-induced activation of A
2A
adenosine receptors reduces airway inflammation and reactivity in a mouse model of asthma. 3278 92
