Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell profiles, interleukins 1 and 2, (IL-1 and IL-2) and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) levels from patients with pigeon breeders' disease (PBD) (n = 24) and asymptomatic pigeon breeders (n = 10) were compared with those from patients with active sarcoidosis (n = 11), inactive sarcoidosis (n = 10), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 25) and normal subjects (n = 10). BALF total cells, lymphocytes and OKT4 receptor-bearing lymphocytes/ml were higher in PBD and active sarcoidosis compared with normals (P less than 0.02 all comparisons). In the asymptomatic pigeon breeders bronchoalveolar (BA) lymphocyte numbers/ml were higher than controls (P less than 0.01) producing a subclinical lymphocytic "alveolitis" in 80% of subjects, although compared with symptomatics, % OKT4 (helper) cell numbers were lower (P less than 0.05). OKT4/OKT8 ratios in both groups were normal, whereas in active sarcoidosis ratios were higher (P less than 0.05) but with considerable overlap. Mean levels of IL-1 and IL-2 were raised in the BALF from all groups compared with normals (P less than 0.01 all comparisons), IL-2 being higher in active sarcoidosis and IPF compared with PBD (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in detectable BALF soluble IL-2R between patient groups, although its levels correlated positively with IL-1 (22 paired samples from all groups (rs = 0.8, P less than 0.02) and negatively with % and T-lymphocytes/ml in PBD (rs = 0.75, P less than 0.02, rs less than 0.8, P less than 0.01). However, when BALF soluble IL-2R is expressed in terms of T lymphocytes/ml of epithelial lining fluid (ELF), asymptomatic pigeon breeders had significantly higher levels than their symptomatic counterparts (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that percentage lymphocytes [corrected] are similar in both groups of pigeon breeders, although those with PBD had increased numbers of OKT4 (helper) cells. Patients with active sarcoidosis could not be reliably differentiated from those with acute PBD on the basis of BAL cell profiles. Our results suggest that IL-1 leads to soluble IL-2R formation and that continued antigenic stimulation, as with inhaled pigeon allergens, results in a down regulation of BALF IL-2. Excess BALF soluble IL-2R on a cellular basis suggests a mechanism by which some pigeon breeders remain asymptomatic.
Sarcoidosis 1989 Sep
PMID:Immunoregulatory proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A comparative analysis of pigeon breeders' disease, sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 260 84

The tetracycline resistance gene (tet) from the Campylobacter jejuni plasmid pFKT1025 was cloned into both pUC18 and pBR322 and was expressed when the chimeric plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli. The location of the tet determinant on the chimeric plasmids was determined by BAL 31 deletion mapping within a 2.25-kilobase (kb) RsaI-HincII fragment. A protein of approximately 70 kilodaltons was consistently produced by E. coli maxicells harboring the cloned tet determinant. A 500-base-pair restriction fragment from within the 2.25-kb tet region was shown to hybridize only to DNA from tetracycline-resistant strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, but not to the DNA of organisms known to carry the streptococcal tetM determinant. No homology was noted between the DNA of 10 tetracycline-resistant isolates of campylobacter and the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants when tested under conditions of high stringency. However, homology was noted between a 5.0-kb HincII restriction fragment containing the tetM determinant and two C. jejuni tet R factors under conditions of reduced stringency.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 Sep
PMID:Cloning and expression of a tetracycline resistance determinant from Campylobacter jejuni in Escherichia coli. 282 94

The dimethyl, diethyl, di-n-propyl, diisopropyl (Di-PDMS), and di-n-butyl esters of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid were prepared by esterification of the parent acid and were subsequently purified and characterized. Their relative ability to mobilize cadmium from its aged (greater than 30 days) deposits was evaluated in mice in comparison with 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL). All but the dimethyl ester were superior to BAL in reducing the hepatic cadmium levels, though none was superior in reducing renal cadmium levels. Their efficacy in reducing hepatic cadmium levels had the result that all except the dimethyl ester were significantly more effective than BAL in reducing total cadmium body burdens in mice. The most effective of these compounds, Di-PDMS, caused a reduction of whole body cadmium of 59% (i.e., to 41% of control values) under conditions where the corresponding reduction found for BAL was only 18% (i.e., to 82% of control value). The predominant route of excretion of cadmium subsequent to administration of these compounds is via the fecal route (greater than 99%). A synergistic effect was found in the reduction of whole body and kidney cadmium burdens when Di-PDMS was used in combination with trisodium calcium diethylenethriaminepentaacetate.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988 Sep 30
PMID:Esters of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid as cadmium-mobilizing agents. 284 65

The DNA sequences required for faithful initiation of ribosomal RNA transcription were determined. BAL-31 digestion was used to modify the rDNA template by introducing deletions from its 3'- and 5'-ends. The resulting mutant DNAs were tested for template activity individually or in competition with wild type utilizing an in vitro transcription system from Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results identify the sequence extending from -31 to +8 to be absolutely required for transcription. In addition; when the region between -47 and -32 is left intact, transcription is augmented.
Nucleic Acids Res 1985 Sep 11
PMID:The ribosomal RNA promoter of Acanthamoeba castellanii determined by transcription in a cell-free system. 299 22

A broad spectrum of lung disease occurs in association with HIV infection. Included are both infectious and neoplastic processes and idiopathic disorders. To insure prompt, accurate, and efficient diagnosis, a logical, staged sequence of tests should be applied. Chest films and, in some instances, pulmonary function tests and gallium-67 citrate lung scans serve to provide objective indications of lung disease. Each of these tests is sensitive but nonspecific. Specific infecting organisms, particularly P. carinii, can be identified by examining sputum induced by inhalation of 3 per cent saline. Bronchoscopic procedures, including BAL and TBB, are highly sensitive and should be performed in patients having nondiagnostic sputum examinations. Tests involving antigen and antibody detection are of little use in the evaluation of individual patients. Detection of recurrent episodes of PCP is difficult because abnormalities in the usual screening tests may be residual from previous episodes. Finding P. carinii in sputum or bronchoscopic specimens soon (within 2 to 3 months) after a confirmed episode of PCP likely represents residual organisms rather than recrudescence of the infection. Empiric diagnosis of P. carinii should be employed only in limited circumstances when specific diagnostic studies are not available, are contraindicated, or are refused.
Clin Chest Med 1988 Sep
PMID:Diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. 304 85

The complete nucleotide sequence of the Clostridium thermocellum celE gene, coding for an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (endoglucanase E; EGE) with xylan-hydrolysing activity has been determined. The structural gene consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 2442 bp commencing with a GTG start codon and followed by a TAA stop codon. The nucleotide sequence obtained has been confirmed by comparing the predicted amino acid sequence with that derived by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the purified protein. The EGE sequence contains a region homologous to the reiterated domain found at the C terminus of other endoglucanases from the same organism. BAL 31 deletions of the structural gene have revealed the extent to which this conserved sequence is necessary for endoglucanase and xylanase activity. A region of DNA, upstream from the structural gene has also been sequenced and a ribosome-binding site and putative promoter sequences have been identified. A second ORF which ends 349 bp 5' to the GTG start codon of the celE gene has also been identified. The encoded product contains a C terminus homologous to other C. thermocellum endoglucanases.
Gene 1988 Sep 15
PMID:Conserved reiterated domains in Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanases are not essential for catalytic activity. 306 98

This paper describes a new method for site-directed mutagenesis which allows mutations by deletion, insertion or substitution of large fragments of DNA with more than 50% efficiency and does not require subcloning in a single-stranded (ss) DNA vehicle. The site of mutagenesis is removed from a linearized plasmid DNA by BAL 31 digestion, ss DNA regions are generated by limited exonuclease treatment and the mutated target site is reconstituted by annealing of the plasmid DNA to a 35-70 nucleotide long mutated ss oligodeoxynucleotide containing the desired mutation. The circularized plasmid is finally used to transform directly Escherichia coli competent cells.
Gene 1988 Sep 30
PMID:A rapid and versatile site-directed method of mutagenesis for double-stranded plasmid DNA. 306 88

T cell-replacing factor (TRF)/IL-5 is a glycosylated polypeptide that acts as a key factor for B cell growth and differentiation. Since IL-5 action is probably mediated by specific cell surface receptor(s), we have characterized the binding of IL-5 to cells using biosynthetically [35S]methionine-labeled IL-5 and 125I-IL-5 that had been prepared using Bolton-Hunter reagent. The radiolabeled IL-5 binds specifically to BCL1-B20 (in vitro line) (a murine chronic B cell leukemic cell line previously shown to differentiate into IgM-secreting cells in response to IL-5) within 10 min at 37 degrees C. There are two classes of binding sites with high affinity (Kd = 66 pM) and low affinity (Kd = 12 nM) for IL-5 and an average number of binding sites for high affinity and for low affinity were 400 and 7,500 per cell, respectively. The specificity of binding of radiolabeled IL-5 has been confirmed by demonstrating that only unlabeled IL-5 and anti-IL-5 mAb but not by IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF inhibit radiolabeled IL-5 binding to BCL1-B20 cells. Treatment of surface-bound radiolabeled IL-5 with bivalent crosslinkers identified a membrane polypeptide of Mr 46,500 to which IL-5 is crosslinked. A variety of cell types have been surveyed for the capacity to bind specifically radiolabeled IL-5 with high affinity. BCL1 cells MOPC104E (murine myeloma cell line) expressed IL-5-R, whereas BAL. 17 and L10 A (B cell lymphoma) did not. T cell line, mastocytoma cell line, or macrophage tumor cell line did not display detectable levels of IL-5-R. were hardly detectable on normal resting B cells but were expressed on LPS-activated B cells, fitting the function of IL-5 that acts on activated B cells for their differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. Intriguingly, early B cell lines (J-87 and T-88) that grow in the presence of IL-5 expressed significant but low numbers of high-affinity binding sites for IL-5. The biological effects of IL-5 were mediated by high-affinity binding sites. The identification and characterization of IL-5-R should provide new insight into the apparent diverse biological activities of IL-5.
J Exp Med 1988 Sep 01
PMID:Receptors for T cell-replacing factor/interleukin 5. Specificity, quantitation, and its implication. 326 7

To investigate whether interleukins are involved in the formation of alveolitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis, interleukin-1 (IL-1) production by LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AM) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by PHA-stimulated lung and blood T-cells were determined in 35 untreated patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. The amount of IL-1 produced by AM (BAL IL-1) was significantly increased in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis compared with that in 18 control subjects. BAL IL-1 showed a significant positive correlation with the intensity of alveolitis assessed by the proportion of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the absolute number of lymphocytes per milliliter of BALF. However, the amount of IL-2 produced by lung T-cells (BALT IL-2) showed a significant negative correlation with the intensity of alveolitis. BALT IL-2 was significantly lower than the amount of IL-2 produced by blood T-cells (PBT IL-2). There was no correlation between PBT IL-2 and the intensity of alveolitis. These results suggest that IL-2 contributes to the formation and maintenance of alveolitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis, whereas IL-2 production by lung T-cells is suppressed to down-regulate the enhanced immune processes at the site of disease. The possibility that this hyporesponsiveness of lung T-cells to PHA has resulted from the modulation of the T3-T cell receptor complex remains to be determined.
Am Rev Respir Dis 1988 Sep
PMID:Interleukins in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Dissociative correlations of lung interleukins 1 and 2 with the intensity of alveolitis. 326 77

A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, has been isolated from a human recombinant repetitive DNA library. Quantitative hybridization to chromosomes sorted by flow cytometry indicates that comparable amounts of this sequence are present on each human chromosome. Both fluorescent in situ hybridization and BAL-31 nuclease digestion experiments reveal major clusters of this sequence at the telomeres of all human chromosomes. The evolutionary conservation of this DNA sequence, its terminal chromosomal location in a variety of higher eukaryotes (regardless of chromosome number or chromosome length), and its similarity to functional telomeres isolated from lower eukaryotes suggest that this sequence is a functional human telomere.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988 Sep
PMID:A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. 341 14


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