Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the study was to compare the results of routine counts of percentage of BAL macrophages, using morphological differential staining method--Pappenheim stain (M) and staining for nonspecific esterase activity (E) with those obtained by APAAP technique, using specific for monocytes (macrophages monoclonal antibodies (Ki-M1) and the complex APAAP (alkaline phosphatase--mouse anti alkaline phosphatase complex). The mean counts were comparable, although different criteria of estimation were used. Significant differences were seen in smokers when the criteria were based on morphology and expression of surface antigens. The results indicate that correct estimation of macrophage counts and their characteristics (enzymatic activity, expression of surface antigens) can only be made using many methods based on various criteria of estimation.
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PMID:[Cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. I. Detection of macrophage populations]. 172 94

Epidemiological studies of asbestos workers have proposed a linear dose-response relationship between asbestos cumulative exposure indices and the incidence of asbestos-related lung diseases. However, for chrysotile, several studies have not observed such a linear relationship in low exposure workers. To further study the relationship of chrysotile exposure dose - lung tissue response, we designed in the sheep model one experiment of one exposure at variable intensity and one experiment with variable rates of individual exposures. In the first study, 6 groups of 6 sheep were exposed to either 0, 1, 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg chrysotile in 100 ml saline and lung lavage analyses carried out at day 0, 12, 24, 40 and 60 after. Histopathology was done at day 60. In the second experiment, 4 groups of 12 sheep were exposed to 100 ml saline every week or every two weeks, 100 mg chrysotile in 100 ml saline every week or every two weeks. In the second experiment, lung damage was assessed by changes in vital capacity (VC), lung compliance (Cst) and profusion of chest radiographic opacities (PO). On BAL in the control sheep, there were small and transient early increases in total cells/ml, macrophages/ml, neutrophils/ml, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/ml, alkaline phosphatase (AK)/ml, beta-glucuronidase (beta G)/ml and procollagen lll/ml. In the 1, 10, 25, and 50 mg asbestos sheep groups, there were no significant differences. However, in the 100 mg asbestos sheep, there were significant sustained increases in total cells/ml (3-6 times controls), macrophages/ml (2-6 times controls), neutrophils/ml (60-600 times controls), LDH/ml (5-10 times controls), AK/ml (1.5-2 times controls), beta G/ml (3-5 times controls), procollagen lll/ml (2 times controls) and IgG (1.5-3 times controls). These data were correlated with histopathological findings. In the sheep exposed weekly to chrysotile, significant changes in VC, Cst and PO occurred at mean cumulative exposure dose of 1.2 g whereas in the sheep exposed every 2 weeks, similar changes in VC, Cst and PO occurred at the cumulative exposure dose of 3.6 g (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that there is a threshold for chrysotile-induced fibrosis. This level cannot be considered adequately in term of cumulative exposure dose but must take into account intensity and rate of individual exposures.
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PMID:Asbestos exposure dose-bronchoalveolar milieu response in asbestos workers and the sheep model: evidences of a threshold for chrysotile-induced fibrosis. 282 68

Previous studies of surface modification of quartz particles have suggested that the biological activity of silica is at least in part related to its surface properties. In the present study, we exposed the tracheal lobe of 8 sheep to either 100 ml saline (saline group), 100 mg of quartz (Minusil-5) in 100 ml saline (SI group) or 100 mg of Al lactate treated quartz in 100 ml saline (SI-Al group). The 24 sheep were studied by bronchoalveolar lavage at days 0, 12, 24, 40, 60 and by autopsy at day 60. In the saline group, BAL analyses were as previously reported [1]. In the SI group, we found significant and sustained increases in total BAL cells (x 2, P less than 0.05), macrophages and lymphocytes (x 2, P less than 0.05), neutrophils (x 5-10, P less than 0.01), IgG (x 1.2-1.8, P less than 0.05), fibronectin (x 2-3, P less than 0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (x 3, P less than 0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (x 2, P less than 0.05). Histologically, a macrophagic and lymphocytic alveolitis was observed at day 60. In the SI-Al group, these changes were significantly attenuated and in the above parameters, SI-Al group did not differ from saline group after day 24. These data of BAL and histology of the sheep tracheal lobe model document clearly that aluminum lactate treatment alters the biological activity of quartz.
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PMID:Aluminum lactate treatment alters the lung biological activity of quartz. 301 7

When garlic (Allium sativum) was administered to rat per os simultaneously with cadmium, methylmercury and phenylmercury to detect the protective effect against the heavy metal poisoning, accumulation of heavy metals in liver, kidneys, bone and testes were decreased, and histopathological damages and the inhibition of serum alkaline phosphatase activities by heavy metals were reduced. Such effect of garlic was not shown in the 1.7% garlic treated group and most remarkable in the 6.7% garlic treated group. The protective effect of garlic was superior to those of 2,3 dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) and D-penicillamine (PEN), and nearly similar to those of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (APEN), the current remedies, while garlic was not effective as a curative agent for heavy metal poisoning. The excretion of cadmium was enhanced, more through feces than urine by garlic but the effect to the urinary excretion of cadmium was not significant comparing with DMSA or APEN when cadmium was ip injected in the first 3 days during the 12 days of oral administration of DMSA, APEN or garlic.
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PMID:A study on the effect of garlic to the heavy metal poisoning of rat. 326 78

The protease-antiprotease balance and concentration of immunoglobulin was evaluated in some respiratory tract diseases. Analysis was carried out on 24 patients with atopic bronchial asthma, 21 with chronic bronchitis, 27 with bronchiectasis and 18 healthy smokers volunteers. In examination of BAL fluid some selective changes of proteolytic enzymes activities and concentrations of their natural inhibitors were documented. In atopic bronchial asthma the increased activity of acid protease, acid phosphatase and concentration of alpha-2-macroglobulin was the most characteristic. In chronic bronchitis there was an increase of acid protease, alkaline phosphatase and concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, but in bronchiectasis the increase of neutral and acid proteases activities and concentration of all examined natural inhibitors was noted. The changes in concentration of IgA and IgG confirmed their participation in local defense response. All examined BAL enzyme activities and concentrations of inhibitors and immunoglobulins were compared with the results of the parameters in serum, mentioned above. The obtained finding supports the suggestion that the proteolytic enzymes, their natural inhibitors and immunoglobulins play an important role in the respiratory tract pathology. Immunobiochemical analysis of BAL in atopic bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis may be useful for clinical prognosis and pharmacological treatment.
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PMID:Immunobiochemical evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in atopic bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. 331 50

We describe a system to generate cDNA or genomic libraries from DNA segments that have blunt termini. Background and rearrangement levels are low, but efficiencies are high and the procedural times very short. T4 ligase in the presence of polyethylene glycol produces high Mr oligomers of vector and insert. These concatemers are reduced to vector-insert monomers at a high frequency by subsequent cleavage with a restriction endonuclease, which recognises the insert rarely, if at all, and the vector once. The monomers are recircularised under standard ligation conditions prior to transformation. Thus insertion conditions are optimised independently of those for recircularisation. All reading frames for expression libraries are generated by short BAL 31 cleavage followed by the blunt-end cloning procedure. Similarly, genomic expression libraries can be made by BAL 31 or mung-bean nuclease treatment after cleavage with DNase I is the presence of Mn2+. The technique is suitable for any DNA segment that is blunt-ended or can be made so. When the vector is treated with alkaline phosphatase, recombinants are generated at a frequency greater than 90% and have single inserts. Yields are 3-5 X 10(6) colony-forming units per micrograms of insert.
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PMID:Rapid and efficient method for cloning of blunt-ended DNA fragments. 359 40

A mycobacterial expression-secretion vector was constructed in which the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (phoA) reporter gene was placed under the control of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85A promoter and secretion signal sequences. In recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, PhoA activity could readily be detected on the mycobacterial cell surface and in the culture supernatant, indicating that the 85A signals can drive heterologous expression and secretion in both species. In contrast to the mycobacteria, the 85A promoter did not function in E. coli. We mapped the promoter region by progressive deletions using BAL 31 exonuclease and by primer extension analysis. Insertion and deletion mutations within the promoter region indicated that, unlike most E. coli promoters but similar to Streptomyces promoters, the position of the putative -35 region was not critical for efficient promoter activity. In addition, we investigated the ability of the identified signals to drive the production and secretion in BCG of recombinant Schistosoma mansoni glutathione S-transferase (Sm28GST), a protective antigen against schistosomiasis. BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant BCG by a single dose exhibited a weak but specific T-cell response to Sm28GST.
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PMID:Analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85A antigen promoter region. 783 98

Impurity has been suggested as an important factor determining toxicity following exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In this study, we first compared immunotoxicity based on iron content on day 90 after a single intratracheal instillation of SWCNTs in male and female mice. The inflammatory responses were generally stronger in mice exposed to acid-purified (P)-SWCNTs compared to raw (R)-SWCNTs. In addition, both R- and P-SWCNTs induced Th1-polarized immune responses with apoptotic death of BAL cells and systemically impaired the function of antigen-presenting cells (APC). We also screened reproductive and developmental toxicity by cohabitating male and female mice on day 14 after instillation. Interestingly, the pregnancy rate rapidly decreased following exposure to both types of SWCNTs, especially R-SWCNTs. In addition, we investigated developmental immunotoxicity of the offspring on day 28 after exposure to both types of SWCNTs. Their hematological changes were clearer relative to those of the parents and a significant decrease in the alkaline phosphatase and potassium levels was observed in mice of both sexes exposed to the higher dose of R- and P-SWCNTs. In conclusion, we suggest that SWCNTs may induce Th1-polarized immune responses accompanied by suppression of APC function on day 90 after a single instillation without significant iron content dependance. In addition, the consecutive exposure of SWCNTs to the subsequent generation may exacerbate metabolic and hematological disturbance. Furthermore, our results underscore the need to clarify the reproductive and developmental health effects of SWCNTs.
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PMID:Subchronic immunotoxicity and screening of reproductive toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity following single instillation of HIPCO-single-walled carbon nanotubes: purity-based comparison. 2731 Aug 31