Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a new orally active heavy metal chelator for the treatment of childhood Pb intoxication on an outpatient basis. The influence of DMSA, as well as other chelating agents, on gastrointestinal 203Pb absorption and whole-body 203Pb retention was examined. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (230-260 g) were gavaged with a solution containing approximately 25 mg/kg Pb [as Pb(NO3)2] plus 15 microCi 203Pb. Some groups were then immediately given 0.11 mmol/kg of either DMSA, CaNa2EDTA, D-penicillamine, or BAL by oral gavage, while other groups received the same drugs by ip injection. Control groups received solutions of the drug vehicles po or ip. Whole-body Pb retention and gastrointestinal Pb absorption (whole body retention + urinary Pb excretion) were significantly decreased in rats that received DMSA po. This finding implies that the use of DMSA to treat childhood lead intoxication on an outpatient basis is not associated with a risk for increased Pb absorption.
 ...
PMID:Influence of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on gastrointestinal lead absorption and whole-body lead retention. 255 28

Acute ingestion of alcohol [ethanol (ETOH)] adversely affects the immunocompetence of both naive individuals as well as chronic alcohol abusers. An increased incidence and severity of tuberculosis is found in chronic alcohol abusers. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by alveolar macrophages (AMs) may play a role in the in vitro killing of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is believed to be a primary cytokine mediator of NO production by AMs. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated that ETOH suppressed endotoxin-induced increases in both TNF-alpha and NO in AMs, in vivo. We tested the postulate that acute ingestion of ETOH can interfere with mycobacteria-induced upregulation of the NO system in AMs, in vivo. We show that heat-killed M. avium complex (MAC) and human virulent MTB instilled into rat lungs rapidly increased mRNA for inducible NO synthase II (iNOS) of AMs in fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL fluid). This was associated with production of reactive nitrogen intermediates [(RNIs); NO2- and NO3-] in BAL fluid, lung homogenate, and AMs in the absence of a significant increase in BAL fluid TNF-alpha. A single dose of ETOH (5.5 g/kg, ip) administered 30 min before intratracheal administration of MAC or MTB attenuated both MAC and MTB-induced increases in RNI in BAL fluid, lung, and AMs, and the increase in mRNA for iNOS. Thus, mycobacteria upregulate iNOS mRNA and enhance RNI production by AMs without any increase in the production of TNF-alpha. Moreover, ETOH attenuates mycobacteria-induced upregulation of mRNA for iNOS and RNI production in the absence of ETOH-mediated suppression of TNF. Speculatively, ETOH-mediated inhibition of the AM NO system may offer an explanation for the increased severity of mycobacterial infections in alcoholics.
 ...
PMID:Ethanol suppresses Mycobacteria tuberculosis-induced mRNA for nitric oxide synthase in alveolar macrophages, in vivo. 754 49

A new strictly anaerobic bacterium (strain BAL-1T) has been isolated from a reed bed at Ballarat Goldfields in Australia. The organism grew by reducing arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)], using acetate as the electron donor and carbon source; acetate alone did not support growth. When BAL-1T was grown with arsenate as the terminal electron acceptor, acetate could be replaced by pyruvate, L- and D-lactate, succinate, malate, and fumarate but not by H2, formate, citrate, glutamate, other amino acids, sugars, or benzoate. When acetate was the electron donor, arsenate could be replaced by nitrate or nitrite but not by sulfate, thiosulfate, or iron oxide. Nitrate was reduced to ammonia via nitrite. The doubling time for growth on acetate (5 mM) plus arsenate (5 mM) or nitrate (5 mM) was 4 h. The G+C content of the DNA is 49 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequence data for the organism support the hypothesis that this organism is phylogenetically unique and at present is the first representative of a new deeply branching lineage of the Bacteria. This organism is described as Chrysiogenes arsenatis gen. nov., sp. nov.
 ...
PMID:Chrysiogenes arsenatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new arsenate-respiring bacterium isolated from gold mine wastewater. 886 50

A 54-year-old woman with pulmonary tuberculosis developed pneumonia caused by Scedosporium apiospermum, the asexual stage of the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and P boydii were cultured in BAL fluid. The patient cleaned swimming pools in a spa health resort and was highly exposed to fungal conidia. She was successfully treated with antituberculosis drugs, miconazole nitrate and ketoconazole, leading to remission of her pulmonary infection. Invasive pulmonary pseudallescheriasis associated with tuberculosis is an unusual finding, especially in an immunocompetent individual.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary tuberculosis associated with invasive pseudallescheriasis. 904 7

Viral respiratory infections play an important role in the development and progression of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). The CF mouse model provides a tool to examine the relationship between the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) defect and lung disease. This work investigates the cellular response to a common viral pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the lung of CF mice. RSV was administered by intranasal inoculation of CFTR(tm1Unc)-Tg(FABPCFTR)1Jaw/J (CFTR-/-) and control mice. At day 5 post infection, viral titers, bronchoalveolar fluid nitrate levels (BALF) cell and differential counts, histology and studies on airway mechanics were performed. CFTR-/- mice had an impaired ability to clear RSV. This was associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response (increased lymphocytes and neutrophils) in BALF of RSV-infected CFTR-/- mice and a decreased ability to generate nitric oxide (NO) (measured as BAL nitrate). Lung histopathology of RSV-infected CFTR-/- mice demonstrated increased inflammation compared to RSV (-) CFTR-/- and control mice (regardless of RSV treatment). The airway response to methacholine was increased by RSV infection in CF mice when compared to controls. The CFTR-/- mouse exhibits an aberrant response to RSV infection. This model should be useful in providing further mechanistic information on the biology of respiratory viruses in mammalian models, and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in patients with CF.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus infection in a murine model of cystic fibrosis. 1655 74

Separation of the products formed from sulfate-(35)S by cell-free extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Emerson Strain 3) has permitted the identification of thiosulfate as a major product which yields acid-volatile radioactivity. The products formed, as separated by Dowex-1-nitrate chromatography, are qualitatively the same whether extracts at pH 7.0 (using TPNH as the reductant) or extracts at pH 9 [using 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol, (BAL) as reductant] are employed. While thiosulfate can be separated without the addition of carrier, the inclusion of carrier improves the recovery. High concentrations of ATP which have been shown previously to inhibit the formation of acid-volatile radioactivity from radioactive sulfate, inhibit the formation of thiosulfate almost completely. Degradation of the thiosulfate formed at normal ATP concentrations reveals that most of the radioactivity is in the SO(3)-sulfur of the molecule suggesting that the SH-sulfur is derived from the enzyme extracts. If carrier sulfite is present during thiosulfate formation from sulfate-(35)S, radioactive sulfite is recovered at the expense of radioactive thiosulfate. Reconstruction experiments utilizing specifically-labeled thiosulfates indicate that radioactive sulfite formation is probably not the result of trapping a normal intermediate, but can be attributed to non-enzymatic exchange between labeled thiosulfate formed from sulfate and the non-radioactive sulfite added, suggesting that free sulfite is not an intermediate in thiosulfate formation from sulfate.
 ...
PMID:Studies of sulfate utilization by algae. 5. Identification of thiosulfate as a major Acid-volatile product formed by a cell-free sulfate-reducing system from chlorella. 1665 6

Forty five smokers were classified into schistosomal cases with type-2 diabetis mellitus (GI) and with associated history of bronchial asthma (GII) and without T-2 DM (GIII). A control group (GIV) of non-diabetic non schistosomal age matched subjects who quitted smoking for >6 months were included. Assessed parameters included indices of glycemic status (glycated hemoglobin), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor) hepatic and bronchoalveolar disposition (Liver function test, metallothionein, serum levels of cotinine, cadmium selenium, copper & zinc) and bronchoalveolar lavage) (BAL) levels of surfactant proteins A & D, zinc and copper oxidative stress and fibrogenesis (total antioxidant capacity thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) and vasculopathy (angiotensin converting enzyme, P-selectin, nitrate) and periodontitis (collagenase and elastase in GCF) impact of cigarette smoking associated with trace element disbalance and enzymatic changes in crevicular fluid on altered parameters collaborative out-come. The study reflected the collaborative outcome of immune mediated mechanisms initiated by liver affection, glycemic status and history of predisposed bronchial integrity induced by oxidative stress.
 ...
PMID:Cigarette smoking induced liver insult concomitant with inflammatory mediators in serum crevicular fluid and bronchio alveolar lavage of schistosomal diabetic subjects with history of bronchial asthma. 1792 10

Antiallergic activity of Aristolochia bracteolata was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis, dermatitis rhinitis and pruritus, as a preclinical model for acute phase of hypersensitivity reactions. The late phase hypersensitivity was evidenced by considering toluidine diisocyanate induced volume of bronchoalveolar fluid secretion and its inhibition. The possible antiallergic mechanism was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation and estimated serum nitric oxide (NO), rat peritoneal fluid NO, bronchoalveolar fluid NO and blood histamine levels. The present study implied that the chloroform extract of Aristolochia bracteolata had potent and significant inhibitory effect on compound 48/80 induced pruritus and dermatitis activity in Swiss albino mice. It showed significant effect in toluidine diisocyanate induced rhinitis in swiss albino mice. Mast cell membrane stabilization activity was also observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation. A significant reduction was observed in serum nitrate levels, rat peritoneal fluid nitrate levels and BAL nitrate levels. The extract was also found to possess significant inhibitory effect on blood histamine levels. It could be concluded that chloroform extract of A. bracteata possess potent antiallergic activity, possibly through mast cell membrane stabilization, inhibiting NO and histamine pathway.
 ...
PMID:Antiallergic activity of Aristolochia bracteolata Lank in animal model. 2035 66