Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a case of PAP which proved to be fatal despite whole lung lavage. The need for early BAL and transbronchial biopsies in diffuse infiltrative lung disorders of unknown etiology is highlighted. The occurrence of PAP in association with Fanconi's anemia and psoriasis raises the possibility of a common pathogenetic defect which may be related to abnormal cytokine metabolism. Investigation of cytokine metabolism in PAP is warranted.
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PMID:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in association with Fanconi's anemia and psoriasis. A possible common pathogenetic mechanism. 164 65

Immunocytochemical examinations using the PAP method with monoclonal antibodies against lymphocytes T (CD3, CD4, CD8) were carried out in 31 BAL's from patients with different interstitial lung diseases. A distinct increase of the CD4 (T "helper"): CD8 (T "suppressor") ratio was found in patients with sarcoidosis and in a patient with pigeon breeder's disease. A profound decrease of the CD4/CD8 ratio was found in HIV positive patients. The authors also discussed the methodological problems of correct typing of T cells in BAL.
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PMID:[Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of different interstitial lung diseases]. 184 42

We describe the cases of two individuals with advanced AIDS who sought treatment for rapidly progressive respiratory failure due to T gondii pneumonia. The first patient responded to specific therapy after an early diagnosis but died 2 months later of bacterial sepsis. In the second case, the diagnosis was made at autopsy. This led to a meticulous retrospective review of the original slides of material obtained from BAL. T gondii tachyzoites not previously identified during the initial analysis of the slides were seen on both GIE and PAP stains. Neither of our severely immunocompromised patients had evidence of central nervous system involvement. Even though we cannot exclude dissemination to other organs, a progressive pneumonitis mimicking a classic P carinii infection was the primary presentation. Trophozoites were identified by BAL in both cases, underscoring the diagnostic potential of this minimally invasive procedure.
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PMID:Toxoplasma gondii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: diagnosis by bronchoalveolar lavage. 820 79

When cell-free preparations of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick (Emerson strain 3) form thiosulfate from labeled sulfate, another radioactive compound also appears. This compound has been isolated in quantity and is shown to be identical with adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) on the basis of its chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior, chemical composition, sensitivity to selective degradative enzymes, and its ability to serve as a substrate for rat liver aryl sulphotransferase. In addition, as expected for PAPS, the compound on mild acid treatment yields all of its radioactive sulfur as sulfate, and is converted to a compound identical with adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate (PAP). Replacement of sulfate and ATP by this PAP(35)S in the usual incubation mixture yields the same product, thiosulfate, which can be isolated as such or detected as acid-volatile radioactivity. This conversion of PAP(35)S to thiosulfate still requires the addition of Mg(2+) and a reductant such as 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol (BAL). The cause of our previous result that high concentrations of ATP inhibit thiosulfate formation from sulfate can be ascribed to a small amount of PAP contaminating the ATP preparations, since PAP proves to be an exceedingly effective inhibitor of the conversion of PAP(35)S to thiosulfate. Sulfate reduction to thiosulfate by Chlorella extracts is discussed and compared with similar systems from other organisms.
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PMID:Studies of Sulfate Utilization by Algae. 6. Adenosine-3'-Phosphate-5'-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) as an Intermediate in Thiosulfate Formation From Sulfate by Cell-Free Extracts of Chlorella. 1665 7

PAP is an ultra-rare disease in which surfactant components, that impair gas exchange, accumulate in the alveolae. There are three types of PAP. The most frequent form, primary PAP, includes autoimmune PAP which accounts for over 90% of all PAP, defined by the presence of circulating anti-GM-CSF antibodies. Secondary PAP is mainly due to haematological disease, infections or inhaling toxic substances, while genetic PAP affects almost exclusively children. PAP is suspected if investigation for ILD reveals a crazy-paving pattern on chest CT scan, and is confirmed by a milky looking BAL that gives a positive PAS reaction indicating extracellular proteinaceous material. PAP is now rarely confirmed by surgical lung biopsy. WLL is still the first-line treatment, with an inhaled GM-CSF as second-line treatment. Inhalation has been found to be better than subcutaneous injections. Other treatments, such as rituximab or plasmapheresis, seem to be less efficient or ineffective. The main complications of PAP are due to infections by standard pathogens (Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Enterobacteria) or opportunistic pathogens such as mycobacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. The clinical course of PAP is unpredictable and spontaneous improvement can occur. The 5-year actuarial survival rate is 95%.
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PMID:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. 3236 36