Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To provide a comprehensive description of the histologic and bacteriologic characteristics of human nosocomial bronchopneumonia (BPN), the lungs of 83 critically ill patients decreased after a period of mechanical ventilation were examined in the immediate postmortem period. In addition, the accuracy of the protected minibronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique in the diagnosis of nosocomial BPN was evaluated. In each patient, a surgical pneumonectomy was performed at the bedside within 30 min following death. Each pulmonary lobe was sampled and bacteriologically analyzed using semiquantitative cultures in 50 patients and quantitative cultures in 33 patients. The entire lung was histologically analyzed using 5 to 10 slices per lung segment. In 69 patients, the bacteriologic result of a protected mini-BAL performed within 48 h preceding death was compared with histologic and bacteriologic results of study of the lung tissue itself. Histologic lesions of BPN were found in 43 of the 83 lungs examined. These lesions were (1) severe in the majority of patients (confluent BPN, n = 23; lung abscess, n = 6), (2) preferentially found in dependent lung segments, (3) often associated with nonspecific alveolar damage, (4) associated with positive lung cultures in 65% of patients (53% with gram-negative bacteria), (5) polymicrobial in 28% of patients, (6) characterized by a lobar bacterial burden greater than 10(3) cfu/g in 32% of cases. Using semiquantitative bacteriologic analysis, the sensitivity and the specificity of the protected mini-BAL in the diagnosis of nosocomial BPN were found to be 70 and 69%, respectively. Protected mini-BAL identified 77% of causative microorganisms of BPN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nosocomial bronchopneumonia in the critically ill. Histologic and bacteriologic aspects. 848 51

Some data from three studies of the acute psychological effects of alcohol are presented. After blind administration subjects could often tell that they had consumed alcohol, presumably because of its physiological effects. About 50% of subjects who received placebo alcohol felt slightly drunk and guessed that they had received alcohol. But, subjects who had actually received alcohol rated themselves as more drunk and were much more likely to guess that they had received alcohol. Subjects could also approximately estimate how much alcohol they had drunk. These findings suggest that the effects of unblinding should be considered when alcohol is administered in placebo designs. True blind placebo administration may only be possible when achieved BAL is < 40 mg/100 ml.
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PMID:Alcohol placebos: you can only fool some of the people all of the time. 142 12

Normal young pigs were immunized by the oral or aerogenic route with the viable or inactivated lung-pathogenic bacterium Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. Three weeks later the cellular composition as well as the lymphocyte subset composition of the bronchoalveolar space were examined by BAL. Lymphocytes in the lavage increased significantly, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. After oral immunization a dramatic increase of plasma cells and lymphoid blasts was found. Among immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes IgG+ cells showed the most pronounced increase. For most lymphocyte subsets there was no difference between viable and inactivated bacteria. Oral immunization with a lung-pathogenic bacterium results in increased numbers of lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar space and might play a critical role in protection against lower respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Cellular changes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of pigs, following immunization by the enteral or respiratory route. 142 78

We studied the role of macrophages in the process of pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on gene expressions of cytokines. TGF-alpha is a factor which stimulates fibroblasts or endothelial cells to proliferate, by combining to receptors of EGF competitively with EGF in vitro. Total RNA was extracted from alveolar macrophages recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or normal healthy volunteers, and the expression of TGF-alpha mRNA was evaluated by Northern analysis. There was no detectable TGF-alpha mRNA in alveolar macrophages from normal healthy volunteers; however, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a considerable level of mRNA of TGF-alpha could be detected. Using an experimental rat model of alveolitis induced by bleomycin, the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in alveolar macrophages recovered by BAL was evaluated by Northern analysis. Alveolar macrophages from bleomycin-treated rats expressed a significant level of TNF-alpha mRNA. Both TGF-alpha and TNF-alpha have proliferative activity on fibroblasts, and may have an important role in the process of fibrosis of the lung.
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PMID:[Cytokine gene expression in interstitial lung diseases]. 143 13

A 54-year-old Japanese man demonstrated a sultamicillin-induced hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A positive lymphocyte stimulation test for sultamicillin and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio of lymphocytes in BAL fluid suggested that an alteration in cell-mediated mechanisms was responsible for the patient's symptoms.
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PMID:Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by penicillin. 144 20

We evaluated the levels of bradykinin, albumin, TAME-esterase activity, histamine, PGD2 and LTC4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatics and from patients with pneumonia, sarcoidosis, fibrosis, and chronic bronchitis. Compared with the results of healthy volunteers and atopic asymptomatic asthmatics the bradykinin levels and TAME-esterase activity were significantly elevated. In all other groups, histamine was additionally elevated in asymptomatic asthmatics, whereas albumin was elevated in symptomatic asthmatics and fibrosis patients, and decreased in chronic bronchitis and pneumonia patients. Following local intrabronchial allergen challenge of mild grass pollen asthmatics out of season bradykinin levels increased significantly, correlated with albumin, histamine and TAME-esterase activity. In contrast to the increased mediator concentrations in the early phase reaction there was no change of BAL cells in asthmatics compared to baseline and healthy volunteers. The presence of bradykinin in the bronchoalveolar space of patients with active pulmonary inflammations and bradykinin generation in asthmatics as a result of intrabronchial allergen challenge provides strong evidence that kinins are involved in inflammatory disorders of the lower airways.
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PMID:Bradykinin and other inflammatory mediators in BAL-fluid from patients with active pulmonary inflammation. 146 81

We have examined the proinflammatory cell influx as well as the levels of eosinophil and neutrophil-derived granule proteins in BAL fluid obtained from monkeys undergoing acute and late-phase (dual) or single acute bronchoconstriction following antigen inhalation. Prior to antigen inhalation, there was a significantly higher number (and percentage) of eosinophils in BAL fluid from dual responder monkeys as compared with single responders. The late-phase response (LPR) (6 to 8 h postantigen) was associated with a decrease in the number of BAL eosinophils and an increase in the levels of BAL fluid EPO that returned to baseline levels by 24 h postantigen inhalation. In contrast, the number of BAL neutrophils prior to antigen inhalation were low. Concurrent with the LPR, the number of BAL neutrophils and the concentration of EPO in BAL fluid were significantly increased above that occurring in single responders. Chronic treatment (7 days) with dexamethasone significantly reduced the number of BAL eosinophils and the BAL levels of EPO prior to antigen inhalation in dual responder (LPR) monkeys and significantly blocked the dual response and both the associated neutrophil influx into the airways and an increase in BAL fluid EPO during the LPR. We conclude that, in this primate model, eosinophil activation and a large influx of neutrophils into the airways is associated with the occurrence of the antigen-induced late-phase airway obstructive response.
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PMID:Antigen-induced acute and late-phase responses in primates. 148 27

Cell morphology of BAL- fluid and index bronchitis (by Thompson) were evaluated in 52 patients with acute and chronic bronchitis. A significant increase of index bronchitis and percentage of neutrophils in BAL were observed in acute and chronic bronchitis. There was no correlation between index bronchitis and cell in BAL- fluid.
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PMID:[Cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) in patients with acute and chronic bronchitis (preliminary study)]. 149 13

Mice of the C57BL/6 strain were instilled with optimal doses (150 micrograms/day for 3 days/wk) of the thermophilic actinomycete Faeni rectivirgula (also known as Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula or Micropolyspora faeni) to induce a hypersensitivity pneumonitis inflammation that mimics the human disease affecting certain occupational groups. This mouse model was characterized by a very significant alveolitis (3-fold increase in bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] cell number at 48 h and a 10-fold increase at 3 wk). Also, total lung transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) was shown to be elevated in treated mice as early as 1 wk after the first instillation and increased gradually to 2.5 micrograms/lung at 3 wk (approximately 0.3 microgram/lung in saline-instilled controls). Intranasal instillation with F. rectivirgula was also associated with very significant increases in lung fibroblast collagen synthesis, starting at 2 wk. BAL macrophages from mice instilled with F. rectivirgula were found to release significantly more TGF-beta upon in vitro stimulation with zymosan beads than did BAL macrophages from saline-instilled mice. Finally, we show that supernatants from activated BAL macrophages of mice given F. rectivirgula increased quite significantly collagen synthesis in normal mouse lung fibroblasts. This increase could be abrogated by treating conditioned medium with a rabbit antibody against TGF-beta. Collectively, these data suggest that TGF-beta is generated in the course of experimental mouse hypersensitivity pneumonitis and contributes significantly to collagen synthesis.
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PMID:Transforming growth factor-beta is generated in the course of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: contribution to collagen synthesis. 149 4

In the present study, the number of leukocytes was increased in smokers, dependent on the amount of exposure to smoke (duration and cigarette number/day). The differential leukocyte count did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. Leucocyte-associated serum components such as alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2 globulin, and complements did not differ in smokers. There was no relationship between neutrophils in peripheral blood and BAL fluid. These findings suggest that an increased number of leukocytes in smokers is not attributable to activation of complement, and that anti-proteinase serum levels including alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2 globulin are unchanged in both smokers and ex-smokers.
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PMID:[Leukocyte number, protein-inhibitor, and complement in smokers]. 150 79


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