Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-two adult surgical patients were studied to compare neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopentone (BAL group) or nitrous oxide-halothane (HAL group) anaesthesia. Eighteen patients in the BAL group received an initial bolus of mivacurium, either the ED25 (n = 9) or the ED50 (n = 9) (0.03 and 0.05 mg kg-1). These doses were based on the assumption that the slope of the dose-response curve during nitrous oxide-opioid anaesthesia would be approximately the same as the slope of the neuromuscular response from the first human studies with mivacurium. Twenty-seven additional patients were allocated to subgroups of nine patients to receive mivacurium 0.04, 0.08 or 0.15 mg kg-1. Twenty-seven patients in the HAL group were allocated also to subgroups of nine patients to receive mivacurium 0.03, 0.04 or 0.15 mg kg-1. During stable anaesthesia, mean endtidal halothane concentrations were maintained at 0.49 +/- 0.01%. The estimated ED50, ED75 and ED95 for BAL and HAL groups were 0.039, 0.05 and 0.073 mg kg-1 and 0.040, 0.053 and 0.081 mg kg-1, respectively. Halothane did not potentiate maximum block or time to maximum block. Halothane did affect spontaneous recovery. With the 0.15-mg kg-1 dose, time to 95% recovery was prolonged significantly in the HAL group (30.0 (SEM 1.4) min) compared with the BAL group (24.1 (1.5) min). Recovery index from 25% to 75% recovery was also prolonged significantly in the HAL group (7.0 (0.4) min) compared with the BAL group (5.4 (0.4) min). There were no significant haemodynamic changes in groups given mivacurium doses up to and including 2 x ED95 by bolus i.v. administration.
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PMID:Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopentone and nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia. 213 90

The aim of the study was to evaluate the protease and antiprotease activity in the fluid obtained from the culture of cells isolated from the lungs of animals with experimental emphysema. An attempt was made to correlate the results of biochemical examinations with adherence degree and ultrastructural changes of the surface of BAL-isolated cells. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats, of 180-220 g b.w. Two i.p. injections of BCG-vaccine (4 x 10(8) microorganisms) on the 1st and 14th day were applied as macrophage mobilizing and activating agent. Papain (2 mg/l ml/100 g b.w.) was given once i.t. on the 21st day. The animals were sacrificed on the 28th day of the experiment. We found a correlation between the increase in the cell adherence and ultrastructural changes (in SEM), suggesting an increased activity of the cells isolated from BCG-treated rats. In the culture medium of cells isolated from the rats which were given BCG or papain and BCG+papain we observed an increased base protease activity and decreased Cathepsin D activity comparing with the control group. Increased antitrypsin activity in the BCG and BCG+papain-treated rats and decreased antitrypsin activity in papain-treated rats only was observed, too. There was no obvious difference in the levels of the antiplasmin and antichymotrypsin activities between the groups. The present results indicate that activated pulmonary macrophages are one of the sources of the protease-antiprotease intraalveolar imbalance. However, an increased production of proteolytic enzymes may not be the only factor responsible for the progression of lung emphysema in BCG-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of morphological and biochemical changes of BAL-isolated cells in experimental lung emphysema. 749 38

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether markers of collagen synthesis, hyaluronan (HA) and procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide (PIIINP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum (S) were correlated to paraclinical markers of disease activity (S-ACE, S-IgG S-IgA S-calcium, chest X-ray (CXR) profusion score, pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, TLC, DLCO)) in pulmonary sarcoidosis. The material comprised 48 patients with biopsy proven sarcoidosis (35 male, 13 female, median age 31 years) and 24 controls (16 male, 8 female, median age 60 years). BAL was performed in the right middle lobe with 250 ml saline. Patients had higher BALF-HA, mean 88 +/- 13 (SEM) micrograms/l, than controls, 39 +/- 2 micrograms/l (p < 0.01), higher BALF-albumin, 121 +/- 13 mg/l, than controls 58 +/- 4 mg/l (p < 0.01), and higher BALF/S-HA ratio, 3.35 +/- 0.51, than controls, 1.23 +/- 0.60 (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences for S-HA, BALF-PIIINP, or S-PIIINP. In patients significant correlations were found between BALF-HA, S-HA, and BALF-albumin; between S-HA and S-ACE; between BALF/S-HA and BALF-albumin; between CXR profusion score and S-HA, S-ACE, S-IgG, S-IgA, FEV1, FVC, TLC and DLCO. The results indicate that measurement of S-HA, BALF-HA, and BALF-albumin may be of value in the monitoring of disease in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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PMID:Hyaluronan and procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. 761 74

Characterizing lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by flow cytometry (FC) proper gating of the lymphocyte subpopulation being analyzed is crucial. In order to test lymphocyte gate quality for the first time we used a DNA-dye to evaluate plasmamembrane integrity and thus to mark off fluorescent but not DNA-containing particles (eg, debris). A comparative prospective study between this newly developed FC technique and a standard peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method was performed. Samples of BALF from 50 patients with various pulmonary diseases were examined. After determination of the total cell yield, a differential cell count was performed. Subsequently, the immunophenotype of pan T lymphocyte CD3-, T-helper lymphocyte CD4-, and T-suppressor lymphocyte CD8-positive lymphocyte subsets was assessed with FC as well as with the PAP method. Both methods showed excellent correlation (CD3: r = 0.81; CD4: r = 0.97; CD8: r = 0.96; p < 0.05, respectively). Comparing the mean +/- SEM, FC tends to overestimate CD3+ cells (90.6 +/- 1.0% vs 85.8 +/- 1.3%). For CD4 (45.0 +/- 3.4% vs 44.4 +/- 3.4%) and CD8 (48.1 +/- 3.5% vs 46.7 +/- 3.5%), there was good agreement. In a clinical setting, the reliability of both methods was equivalent, and FC using a DNA-dye to test lymphocyte gate quality offered a rapid and reliable determination of lymphocyte subsets in BAL.
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PMID:Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A new flow cytometric method vs standard immunoperoxidase technique. 763 85

T cell accumulation and activation in lung may play a major role in the pathogenesis of immunologic lung diseases such as sarcoidosis. Using the combination of RT-PCR and subsequent single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we examined T cell clonality in lung and peripheral blood of healthy individuals (n = 5) and patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis (n = 7). RNA was extracted from PBLs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells, and converted to cDNA. PCR was performed using a set of V beta-C beta primers (V beta 1-20). Products were denatured and electrophoresed in nondenaturing 5% polyacrylamide gel. The existence of a distinct T cell clonotype was detected as a band on a smear. In both groups T cells in PBLs showed a number of clones that expanded. A significantly greater number of clones was detected in BAL compared with PBL in both groups (normal: 25.3 +/- 7.2 in PBL vs 62.8 +/- 5.2 in lung; sarcoid: 25.0 +/- 6.2 in PBL vs 90.0 +/- 6.6 in lung, mean value +/- SEM). In sarcoid lung greater numbers of clones were detected than in lungs of healthy controls (p < 0.012). These clonal expansions were observed over all the 20 V beta families examined, and were not restricted to certain V beta families. These results suggest that there are clonal expansions even in normal lung, and that in sarcoidosis, apparently, additional T cell clones using multiple V beta segments might be activated and accumulated at the site of the disease.
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PMID:Accumulation of multiple T cell clonotypes in lungs of healthy individuals and patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. 812 Apr 2

Metabolic activity of a gel-entrapment, hollow fiber, bioartificial liver was evaluated in vitro and during extracorporeal hemoperfusion in an anhepatic rabbit model. The bioartificial liver contained either 100 million rat hepatocytes (n = 12), fibroblasts (n = 3), or no cells (n = 7) during hemoperfusion of anhepatic rabbits. Eight other anhepatic rabbits were studied without hemoperfusion as anhepatic controls, and three sham rabbits served as normal controls. Albumin production rates (mean +/- SEM) were similar during in vitro (17.0 +/- 2.8 micrograms/h) and extracorporeal (18.0 +/- 4.0 micrograms/h) application of the hepatocyte bioartificial liver. Exogenous glucose requirements were reduced (p < 0.01) and euglycemia was prolonged (p < 0.001) in anhepatic rabbits treated with the hepatocyte bioartificial liver. The maximum rate of glucose production by the hepatocyte bioartificial liver ranged from 50-80 micrograms/h. Plasma concentrations of aromatic amino acids, proline, alanine, and ammonia were normalized in anhepatic rabbits during hepatocyte hemoperfusion. Gel-entrapped hepatocytes in the bioartifical liver performed sulfation and glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone. P450 activity was demonstrated during both in vitro and extracorporeal application of the BAL device by the formation of 3-hydroxy-lidocaine, the major metabolite of lidocaine biotransformation by gel-entrapped rat hepatocytes. In summary, a gel-entrapment, bioartificial liver performed multiple hepatocyte-specific functions without adverse side effects during extracorporeal application in an anhepatic, small animal model. With its potential for short term support of acute liver failure, scale-up of the current bioartificial liver device is indicated for further investigations in large animal, preclinical trials.
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PMID:Extracorporeal application of a gel-entrapment, bioartificial liver: demonstration of drug metabolism and other biochemical functions. 816 29

Previous studies of the collagen synthesis markers hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) (HA) and procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide (PIIINP) in pulmonary fibrosis have reported elevated levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and suggested an association with disease activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether HA and PIIINP in BALF and serum (S) correlated with paraclinical markers of disease activity (chest X-ray profusion score, pulmonary function tests (FEV1, FVC, TLC, DLCO)) in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. The material comprised 27 patients with biopsy-proven pulmonary fibrosis (12 cryptogenic and 15 due to connective tissue diseases) and 24 control subjects with normal lung function. BAL was performed in the right middle lobe with 250 ml saline. HA and PIIINP were measured in the cell-free BALF supernatant and in serum. Patients had higher BALF-HA (mean 86 +/- 17 (SEM) micrograms/l) than controls (39 +/- 2 micrograms/l (p < 0.01)), higher BALF-albumin (124 +/- 24 mg/l) than controls (58 +/- 4 mg/l (p < 0.01)) and higher BALF/S-HA ratio (2.4 +/- 0.6) than controls (1.2 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.05)). There were no significant differences respecting BALF-PIIINP, S-HA, or S-PIIINP. Patients (n = 14) with progressive disease had higher BALF-HA, higher BALF-albumin, higher S-PIIINP, and higher S-immunoglobulins than those with stable disease, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Smokers (n = 18) had lower BALF-HA, lower S-HA, lower S-PIIINP, lower S-immunoglobulins, and higher lung function tests than non-smokers, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. In patients, significantly positive correlations were found between BALF-HA and BALF-albumin, between BALF-PIIINP and BALF-albumin, and a significantly negative correlation between S-PIIINP and TLC. None of the BALF or serum markers correlated with chest X-ray profusion score or any of the other lung function measurements. It is concluded that disease activity may be associated with elevated HA and PIIINP levels. Smoking may influence the immunological processes in pulmonary fibrosis and may be a confounder in studies of these patients.
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PMID:Hyaluronan and procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis. 853 35

Eosinophils play a key role for the function of release inflammatory mediators and destroy epithelial tissue in the airway. Therefore, they have been accepted to be proinflammatory effector cells in the pathogenesis of the bronchial asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) a 37-amino acid neuropeptide on eosinophils responsible for hypersensitivity using BAL fluids that represent the cell population in the lung tissue. For this purpose, 15 rats were divided into three groups receiving vehicle, 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M CGRP using a portable nebulizer. Nebulated exposure of CGRP resulted in both significant increases in the eosinophil numbers with 10(-6) and 10(-5) M CGRP of 18 +/- 0.913 cell/mm2 (mean +/- SEM: p < 0.01) and 31.25 +/- 1.931 (p < 0.01), respectively vs. control (12 +/- 0.408 cell/mm2). CGRP is capable of causing a eosinophilia in the lung in vivo and may contribute to airway inflammation in patients with asthma.
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PMID:The effect of human calcitonin gene-related peptide on eosinophil chemotaxis in the rat airway. 873 88

Acute allograft rejection in animals and humans has been associated with increased nitric oxide production in the graft. Exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) measurement is a noninvasive method of assessing inflammation in airway diseases, e.g., asthma, which might be applicable to lung transplant recipients. Over 12 months, ENO of lower respiratory origin was measured in 108 lung transplant recipients with a mean time after transplant of 1,083 d. ENO (mean +/- SEM; ppb) in stable patients (19.5 +/- 1.1; p < 0.001) was not different from that of healthy controls (23.8 +/- 3.2). ENO was significantly higher in episodes of clinical acute rejection (51.1 +/- 6.3) compared with stable patients but not elevated in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (18.6 +/- 1.5) or pulmonary infection (25.9 +/- 4.0). A retrospective analysis of bronchoscopy findings and concurrent ENO (n = 99) showed that ENO did not vary according to histological findings (normal, acute rejection grade I, nonspecific inflammatory change) or with a positive BAL culture. ENO was not correlated with differential lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. ENO appears to be a valid marker of clinical acute rejection in human lung transplantation as distinct from infection or bronchiolitis obliterans. Furthermore, bronchoscopic findings in the absence of a clinical illness were not associated with a rise in ENO.
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PMID:Exhaled nitric oxide in human lung transplantation. A noninvasive marker of acute rejection. 962 Sep 12

Aim of the study was to evaluate treatment efficacy and safety of a scaled-up version of our porcine hepatocytes based BAL system in pigs with complete liver ischemia (LIS). Thirty-one pigs underwent total devascularization of the liver (LIS) by termino-lateral porta-caval shunts and sutures around the bile duct, the common hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries and their accessory branches. The hepato-duodenal ligament was completely transected. Four experimental groups were studied: the first control group (LIS Control, n = 10) received glucose infusion only, the second control group (LIS Plasmapheresis, n = 8) was connected to a centrifugal plasma-separator with a bottle representing the bioreactor volume, the third control group (LIS Empty-BAL, n = 5) received BAL treatment without cells, and the treated group (LIS Cell-BAL, n = 8) was connected for a maximum period of 24 hours to our scaled-up BAL seeded with around 14 billion viable primary porcine hepatocytes. BAL treatment significantly prolonged life in large animals (approximately 35 kg) with complete LIS (Controls, mean +/- SEM: 33.1 +/- 3 h, Cell-BAL: 51.1 +/- 3.4 h; p = 0.001; longest survivor 63 h). In addition, blood ammonia and total bilirubin levels decreased significantly, indicating metabolic activity of porcine hepatocytes in the bioreactor. No significant differences were noticed among the three control groups, indicating that there was no device effect and that the plasmapheresis procedure was well tolerated. No important adverse effects were observed.
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PMID:Significantly improved survival time in pigs with complete liver ischemia treated with a novel bioartificial liver. 1058 35


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