Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:6.2.1.7 (BAL)
 1,977 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some data from three studies of the acute psychological effects of alcohol are presented. After blind administration subjects could often tell that they had consumed alcohol, presumably because of its physiological effects. About 50% of subjects who received placebo alcohol felt slightly drunk and guessed that they had received alcohol. But, subjects who had actually received alcohol rated themselves as more drunk and were much more likely to guess that they had received alcohol. Subjects could also approximately estimate how much alcohol they had drunk. These findings suggest that the effects of unblinding should be considered when alcohol is administered in placebo designs. True blind placebo administration may only be possible when achieved BAL is < 40 mg/100 ml.
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PMID:Alcohol placebos: you can only fool some of the people all of the time. 142 12

The focus of this study was the effect of repeated episodes of alcohol intoxication on two processes involved in visual movement discrimination: visual sensitivity and decision-making. Four female subjects were asked to discriminate between a stationary light signal and one that changed position in the center of a dark visual field. Prior to each of 15 alcohol testing sessions, a dose of .66 ml of 95% USP ethanol per kg body weight was administered to each subject and BAL was sampled frequently within sessions. Differences in subjects' pre- and postalcohol performance were evaluated within the framework of a psychophysical model that mathematically characterizes the problem of movement discrimination and yields independent estimates of visual sensitivity and decisional aspects of subjects' performance. Evidence for specificity in the development of sensory versus decisional process tolerance to intoxication effects was found. The major result was that each subject made large and statistically reliable shifts in decisional criteria during the time course of the blood alcohol curve within alcohol testing sessions, even when visual sensitivity had adapted to alcohol intake effects. The results of this study illustrate the utility of tracing acute intake effects over repeated occasions of intoxication, and empirically testing subjects' assumed decisional strategies when modeling these effects.
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PMID:The effect of repeated occasions of alcohol intoxication on two processes involved in the visual discrimination of movement. 292 28

In the alcohol test for drunken criminals, we introduced Bender-Gestalt test and Rorschach test for the assessment, and examined their usefulness for the evaluation of intoxication patterns according to Binder's classification. The subjects were 24 drunken criminals who were examined by Mental Hygiene Group, Tsukuba University, for psychiatric evidences. The subjects were divided into the ordinary intoxication group (OI group) and the complicated intoxication group (CI group) on the basis of the behavioral assessment, and the psychological tests were performed before and after drinking. The following results were obtained. 1) Alcohol intoxication induced decrease in R1T, W and VIII + IX + X/R and increase of BGT scores and P%, which indicates that subjects become unable to make comprehensive and delicate responses to the external stimuli. 2) When we classified subjects into increasing and decreasing type on the pattern of changes in the BGT score from before to immediately after drinking in each subject, we found the ratio of increasing type in complicated intoxication is more than in ordinary intoxication significantly. And we found significant group x drinking interaction in F+% and At% of Rorschach test. The F+% significantly decreased only in CI group. The At% in CI group tended upward, but downward in OI group. These findings indicated that complicated intoxication reduced the subject's reality testing, while not in ordinary intoxication. 3) Comparing the effects of personality and intoxication factors in complicated intoxication, intoxication factors were considered to play primary roles. 4) We found association between high BAL and reduction of ego function and imagination, which is represented as significant peak of BALx drinking interaction in the BGT scores, M and FM + m. These observations suggest that the psychological tests as part of the alcohol tests are useful for the evaluation and research of intoxication.
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PMID:The alcohol tests for drunken criminals using psychological tests. 1083 80

Despite extensive public health campaigns, the consequences of alcohol intoxication continue to be a serious public health concern. Alcohol intoxication, for example, is a prevalent feature of crime, especially violent crime. Previous studies of alcohol intoxication and violent crime have used samples of police reports, correctional populations (arrestees, jail detainees, or convicted offenders), or community surveys. Studies using police reports and correctional populations are biased because few police-citizen encounters result in police reports or arrest. Community surveys avoid these biases but rely on the subject's assessment of both the victims' and the suspects' intoxication. We took a different approach and directly observed 2,365 police-citizen encounters. Observers used the Alcohol Symptom Checklist to determine the level of alcohol intoxication or impairment. We compared the prevalence of suspects' and victims' alcohol intoxication (equivalent to a blood alcohol level [BAL] of .05 or above) by type of encounter and computed odds ratios to assess the association between intoxication and type of encounter. We also controlled for demographic characteristics (race, gender, age, and socio-economic status) to assess the relationships among perpetration, victimization, and intoxication. Overall, suspects are far more likely than victims to be intoxicated; not surprisingly, suspects in public order/vandalism encounters are the most likely to be intoxicated. Alcohol intoxication appears to contribute substantially to violent victimization. The role of alcohol intoxication is largest among groups that, if not intoxicated, are generally less vulnerable to violence: whites, males, and persons of higher socio-economic status. We discuss the implications of these findings for services and public health policy.
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PMID:Alcohol introxication and violent crime: implications for public health policy. 1126 23

Many trauma patients are acutely intoxicated with alcohol. Animal studies have demonstrated that acute alcohol intoxication inhibits the normal release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin in response to acute hemorrhage. Ethanol also increases nitric oxide release and inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion. This article studies the effects of alcohol intoxication (measured by blood alcohol level, BAL) on the presentation and resuscitation of trauma patients with blunt hepatic injuries. A retrospective registry and chart review was conducted of all patients who presented with blunt liver injuries at an ACS-verified, level I trauma center. Data collected included admission BAL, systolic blood pressure, hematocrit, International Normalized Ratio (INR), liver injury grade, Injury Severity Score (ISS), intravenous fluid and blood product requirements, base deficit, and mortality. From September 2002 to May 2008, 723 patients were admitted with blunt hepatic injuries. Admission BAL was obtained in 569 patients, with 149 having levels >0.08%. Intoxicated patients were more likely to be hypotensive on admission (p = 0.01) despite a lower liver injury grade and no significant difference in ISS. There was no significant difference in the percent of intoxicated patients requiring blood transfusion. However, when blood was given, intoxicated patients required significantly more units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) than their nonintoxicated counterparts (p = 0.01). Intoxicated patients also required more intravenous fluid during their resuscitation (p = 0.002). Alcohol intoxication may impair the ability of blunt trauma patients to compensate for acute blood loss, making them more likely to be hypotensive on admission and increasing their PRBC and intravenous fluid requirements. All trauma patients should have BAL drawn upon admission and their resuscitation should be performed with an understanding of the physiologic alterations associated with acute alcohol intoxication.
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PMID:Acute ethanol intoxication and the trauma patient: hemodynamic pitfalls. 2174 16

Although research has consistently demonstrated that condom use self-efficacy significantly predicts condom use, there has been little investigation of whether acute alcohol intoxication moderates this relationship. Because alcohol intoxication is often associated with increased sexual risk taking, further examination of such moderating effects is warranted. Using a community sample of young heterosexual women (n=436) with a history of heavy episodic drinking, this alcohol administration experiment examined the effects of intoxication and condom use self-efficacy on women's condom negotiation and future condom use intentions. After a questionnaire session, alcohol condition (control, .10% target peak BAL) was experimentally manipulated between subjects. Participants then read and responded to a hypothetical risky sexual decision-making scenario. SEM analyses revealed that alcohol intoxication directly decreased women's intentions to use condoms in the future. Women with greater condom use self-efficacy had stronger intentions to engage in condom negotiation; however, this effect was moderated by intoxication. Specifically, the association between condom use self-efficacy and condom negotiation intentions was stronger for intoxicated women than for sober women. These novel findings regarding the synergistic effects of alcohol intoxication and condom use self-efficacy support continued prevention efforts aimed at strengthening women's condom use self-efficacy, which may reduce even those sexual risk decisions made during states of intoxication.
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PMID:Alcohol intoxication and condom use self-efficacy effects on women's condom use intentions. 2412 65