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Self-cleaning glasses were prepared by coating niobia nanosheets and investigated on the performance. The coated glass heated at >450 degrees C had very low turbidity, high hardness, and excellent adhesion properties. Niobia nanosheets ([Nb(3)O(8)](-)) reacted with sodium ions (Na(+)) diffused from the glass into the films to form a crystalline phase of NaNb(3)O(8) and this phase was converted to NaNbO(3) at >450 degrees C. The films exhibited photoinduced hydrophilicity under UV irradiation but low photocatalytic oxidation activity. Excellent self-cleaning ability of the niobia nanosheet coated glass was confirmed by the Taber abrasion test, which is thought to be a candidate as self-cleaning glasses for vehicles.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010 Apr
PMID:Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning glass for vehicle with niobia nanosheets. 2035 8

All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were employed for the study of the structure and dynamics of aqueous electrolyte solutions within slit-shaped silica nanopores with a width of 10.67 A at ambient temperature. All simulations were conducted for 250 ns to capture the dynamics of ion adsorption and to obtain the equilibrium distribution of multiple ionic species (Na+, Cs+, and Cl(-)) within the pores. The results clearly support the existence of ion-specific effects under confinement, which can be explained by the properties of interfacial water. Cl(-) strongly adsorbs onto the silica surface. Although neither Na+ nor Cs+ is in contact with the solid surface, they show ion-specific behavior. The differences between the density distributions of cations within the pore are primarily due to size effects through their interaction with confined water molecules. The majority of Na+ ions appear within one water layer in close proximity to the silica surface, whereas Cs+ is excluded from well-defined water layers. As a consequence of this preferential distribution, we observe enhanced in-plane mobility for Cs+ ions, found near the center of the pore, compared to that for Na+ ions, closer to the solid substrate. These observations illustrate the key role of interfacial water in determining ion-specific effects under confinement and have practical importance in several fields, from geology to biology.
ACS Nano 2010 Apr 27
PMID:Ion-specific effects under confinement: the role of interfacial water. 2037 48

Nanohybrids with magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) embedded in the multilayered silicate clay were synthesized by in situ Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) coprecipitation. The natural clay, sodium montmorillonite (Na(+)-MMT), was first modified with hydrophobic poly(oxypropylene)amine salts (POP at 2000 and 4000 g/mol M(w)). The two POP-intercalated organoclays, with a silicate interlayer expansion from 1.2 to 5.2 and 9.2 nm, respectively, are suitable for embedding FeNPs. The presence of POP organics in layered structure created the space for intercalating with FeNPs of 2-4 nm in diameter, observed by transmission electronic microscope. The synthesized nanohybrids of POP4000/MMT-FeNP was composed of 17% iron oxide and 51 wt % POP within the silicate basal spacing of 5.0 nm. In contrast, the lower molecular weight of POP2000 intercalated MMT failed to encapsulate FeNPs in a significant amount, but resulting a "crowding-out effect" that caused the silicate interlayer space to shrink from 5.2 to 1.8 nm because of the replacement of the POP salt by Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) ions. The synthesis required the use of high molecular weight POP4000 and low temperatures (<4 degrees C) for a better dispersion in the reaction medium. The presence of POP in the layered silicate facilitated a homogeneous POP/MMT in water, associating with Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) ions and spatially accommodating for the subsequently generated FeNPs. The synthesized nanostructure consisting of POP and FeNP could be used as a pollutant remedy because of its ability to adsorbing crude oil and it is maneuverable under an applied magnetism.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010 May
PMID:Nanohybrids of magnetic iron-oxide particles in hydrophobic organoclays for oil recovery. 2040 92

An electrochromic-type electronic paper was prepared using nanocomposites that consisted of silica nanoparticles (silica 60 wt %) and polyamide pulp. Its light scattering, ion transport, and aqueous electrolyte retention characteristics were examined. As a result, the shape of the nanocomposites was completely self-standing, though it could be impregnated with about nine times as much water on a weight basis. Moreover, its light scattering property was extremely similar to paper. Because of the impregnation of a large amount of water, the ion transport property of the nanocomposites was the same as that of the electrolyte solution without the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites was impregnated using an aqueous solution in which bismuthyl perchlorate (redox species), copper perchlorate, perchloric acid, sodium perchlorate, hydroquinone (electron mediator) and 2-buthyne-1,4-diol (leveling agent) were dissolved. The electronic paper was then prepared by sandwiching the nanocomposites between an indium-tin-oxide transparent electrode and a copper sheet. This electronic paper utilizes the reversible codeposition reaction of black Bi-Cu from bismuthyl perchlorate and copper(II) ions. The characteristics of this electronic paper were examined, and excellent characteristics with a white reflectivity of 65%, black reflectivity of 6.4%, contrast ratio of 10:1, operating life of over 1 x 10(6) cycles and open-circuit memory of at least 1 month were obtained. In addition, its driving voltage was 1.2 V, and the write time was 500 ms.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010 May
PMID:Bismuth electrochromic device with high paper-like quality and high performances. 2040 85

The mesoporous bulks composed of TiO(2)-derived titanate nanotubes fabricated from a hydrothermal treatment of commercial TiO(2) particles in a concentrated NaOH aqueous solution were obtained by a hydrothermal hot-pressing (HHP) method and subsequent steam-curing process with HCl solutions. The mesopore size and sodium concentration for the bulky TiO(2)-derived titanate nanotubes were dependent on the treatment conditions on the steam curing process with HCl solutions. The effect of the sodium concentration (Na/Ti) on microstructures were examined on the steam curing process for the application of the bulky TiO(2)-derived titanate nanotubes to several new fields.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010 Apr
PMID:Microstructural control of mesoporous bulk composed of TiO(2)-derived titanate nanotubes. 2042 32

Here we report an instantaneous formation of high surface area metal nanosponges through a one-step inexpensive method in a completely green solvent, water. Merely by optimizing the concentration of the precursors and the reducing agent, we were able to generate a three-dimensional porous structure made up of nanowire networks. This is a general process, involves a simple, room temperature reduction of metal salts with sodium borohydride, and is therefore scalable to any amount. Further, these nanoporous metals because of their network structures show optical limiting behavior of a true broadband nature that would find applications in optoelectronic nanodevices.
ACS Nano 2010 May 25
PMID:Mixing does the magic: a rapid synthesis of high surface area noble metal nanosponges showing broadband nonlinear optical response. 2044 80

A method is presented to produce graphene dispersions, stabilized in water by the surfactant sodium cholate, at concentrations up to 0.3 mg/mL. The process uses low power sonication for long times (up to 400 h) followed by centrifugation to yield stable dispersions. The dispersed concentration increases with sonication time while the best quality dispersions are obtained for centrifugation rates between 500 and 2000 rpm. Detailed TEM analysis shows the flakes to consist of 1-10 stacked monolayers with up to 20% of flakes containing just one layer. The average flake consists of approximately 4 stacked monolayers and has length and width of approximately 1 mum and approximately 400 nm, respectively. These dimensions are surprisingly stable under prolonged sonication. However, the mean flake length falls from approximately 1 mum to approximately 500 nm as the centrifugation rate is increased from 500 to 5000 rpm. Raman spectroscopy shows the flake bodies to be relatively defect-free for centrifugation rates below 2000 rpm. The dispersions can be easily cast into high-quality, free-standing films. The method extends the scope for scalable liquid-phase processing of graphene for a wide range of applications.
ACS Nano 2010 Jun 22
PMID:High-concentration, surfactant-stabilized graphene dispersions. 2045 83

Cotton fabric was treated with flame-retardant coatings composed of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay, prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Four coating recipes were created by exposing fabric to aqueous solutions of BPEI (pH 7 or 10) and MMT (0.2 or 1 wt %). BPEI pH 10 produces the thickest films, while 1 wt % MMT gives the highest clay loading. Each coating recipe was evaluated at 5 and 20 bilayers. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that coated fabrics left as much as 13% char after heating to 500 degrees C, nearly 2 orders of magnitude more than uncoated fabric, with less than 4 wt % coming from the coating itself. These coatings also reduced afterglow time in vertical flame tests. Postburn residues of coated fabrics were examined with SEM and revealed that the weave structure and fiber shape in all coated fabrics were preserved. The BPEI pH 7/1 wt % MMT recipe was most effective. Microcombustion calorimeter testing showed that all coated fabrics reduced the total heat release and heat release capacity of the fabric. Fiber count and strength of uncoated and coated fabric are similar. These results demonstrate that LbL assembly is a relatively simple method for imparting flame-retardant behavior to cotton fabric. This work lays the foundation for using these types of thin film assemblies to make a variety of complex substrates (foam, fabrics, etc.) flame resistant.
ACS Nano 2010 Jun 22
PMID:Flame retardant behavior of polyelectrolyte-clay thin film assemblies on cotton fabric. 2049 83

A novel system for fractionating single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by length via a three-step cross-flow filtration has been developed in which three membrane filters of different pore sizes, 1.0, 0.45, and 0.2 microm, were used. SWCNTs dispersed in water with the help of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) detergents were successfully sorted into four samples, and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation of those samples confirmed that their length distribution peaks are within the expected ranges from pore sizes of used filters. However, the result of the similar filtration process using a different detergent, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), showed no pronounced correlation between the length distribution of SWCNTs and the pore size. The observed difference in the sorting phenomena caused by the detergent type suggests that the permeation property depends on the complex structure resulting from the dispersed SWCNTs and detergent molecules.
ACS Nano 2010 Jul 27
PMID:Fractionation of single wall carbon nanotubes by length using cross flow filtration method. 2052 1

A novel modulator of sodium ion currents was synthesized in 6 steps from a protected dihydroxypyrrolidine nitrone, via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with acrylamide. Sodium ion currents in B50 cells were evaluated in comparison to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, and revealed an IC(50) of 15.7 muM. The new compound shows no evidence of binding to the C-lobe of the saxitoxin-binding protein saxiphilin.
ACS Med Chem Lett 2010 Mar 31
PMID:Novel modulator of Na(V)1.1 and Na(V)1.2 Na channels in rat neuronal cells. 2060 20


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