Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:6.2.1.1 (ACS)
 78,556 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight chemicals, including glycerol monolaurate, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, lactic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium chlorate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide, were tested individually or in combination for their ability to inactivate Campylobacter jejuni at 4 degrees C in suspension. Results showed that treatment for up to 20 min with 0.01% glycerol monolaurate, 0.1% sodium benzoate, 50 or 100 mM sodium chlorate, or 1% lactic acid did not substantially (< or = 0.5 log CFU/ml) reduce C. jejuni populations but that 0.1 and 0.2% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min reduced C. jejuni populations by ca. 2.0 and 4.5 log CFU/ml, respectively. By contrast, treatments with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% acetic acid, 25, 50, and 100 mM sodium carbonate, and 0.05 and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide reduced C. jejuni populations by >5 log CFU/ml within 2 min. A combination of 0.5% acetic acid plus 0.05% potassium sorbate or 0.5% acetic acid plus 0.05% sodium benzoate reduced C. jejuni populations by >5 log CFU/ml within 1 min; however, substituting 0.5% lactic acid for 0.5% acetic acid was not effective, with a reduction of C. jejuni of <0.5 log CFU/ml. A combination of acidic calcium sulfate, lactic acid, ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and polypropylene glycol (ACS-LA) also reduced C. jejuni in suspension by >5 log CFU/ml within 1 min. All chemicals or chemical combinations for which there was a >5-log/ml reduction of C. jejuni in suspension were further evaluated for C. jejuni inactivation on chicken wings. Treatments at 4 degrees C of 2% acetic acid, 100 mM sodium carbonate, or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide for up to 45 s reduced C. jejuni populations by ca. 1.4, 1.6, or 3.5 log CFU/g, respectively. Treatment with ACS-LA at 4 degrees C for 15 s reduced C. jejuni by >5 log CFU/g to an undetectable level. The ACS-LA treatment was highly effective in chilled water at killing C. jejuni on chicken and, if recycled, may be a useful treatment in chill water tanks for poultry processors to reduce campylobacters on poultry skin after slaughter.
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PMID:Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wings by chemical treatments. 1662 17

Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase was purified 364-fold from leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by ion exchange, dye-ligand, and gel permeation chromatography. The final specific activity was 2.77 units per milligram protein. The average M(r) value of the native enzyme was about 73,000. The Michaelis constants determined for Mg-ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A were 150, 57, and 5 micromolar, respectively. The purified enzyme was sensitive to substrate inhibition by CoA with an apparent K(i) for CoA of 700 micromolar. The enzyme was specific for acetate; other short and long chain fatty acids were ineffective as substrates. Several intermediates and end products of fatty acid synthesis were examined as potential inhibitors of acetyl-CoA synthetase activity, but none of the compounds tested significantly inhibited acetyl-CoA synthetase activity in vitro. The properties of the purified enzyme support the postulated role of acetyl-CoA synthetase as a primary source of chloroplast acetyl-CoA.
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PMID:Spinach leaf acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase: purification and characterization. 1666 97

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparin or heparan sulfate, are required for the in vivo function of chemokines. Chemokines play a crucial role in the recruitment of leukocyte subsets to sites of inflammation and lymphocytes trafficking. GAG-chemokine interactions mediate cell migration and determine which leukocyte subsets enter tissues. Identifying the exact GAC sequences that bind to particular chemokines is key to understand chemokine function at the molecular level and develop strategies to interfere with chemokine-mediated processes. Here, we characterize the heparin binding profiles of eight chemokines (CCL21, IL-8, CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19, CCL25, CCL28, and CXCL16) by employing heparin microarrays containing a small library of synthetic heparin oligosaccharides. The chemokines differ significantly in their interactions with heparin oligosaccharides: While some chemokines, (e.g., CCL21) strongly bind to a hexasaccharide containing the GlcNSO3(6-OSO3)-IdoA(2-OSO3) repeating unit, CCL19 does not bind and CXCL12 binds only weakly. The carbohydrate microarray binding results were validated by surface plasmon resonance experiments. In vitro chemotaxis assays revealed that dendrimers coated with the fully sulfated heparin hexasaccharide inhibit lymphocyte migration toward CCL21. Migration toward CXCL12 or CCL19 was not affected. These in vitro homing assays indicate that multivalent synthetic heparin dendrimers inhibit the migration of lymphocytes toward certain chemokine gradients by blocking the formation of a chemokine concentration gradient on GAG endothelial chains. These findings are in agreement with preliminary in vivo measurements of circulating lymphocytes. The results presented here contribute to the understanding of GAG-chemokine interactions, a first step toward the design of novel drugs that modulate chemokine activity.
ACS Chem Biol 2007 Nov 20
PMID:Profiling heparin-chemokine interactions using synthetic tools. 1803 Sep 90

A marine natural product extract library has been screened with a functional cell-based G-protein coupled receptor assay to find compounds capable of binding the human cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. The methanol extract of the marine sponge Dasychalina fragilis collected in Papua New Guinea was active in the assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract identified the phosphorylated sterol sulfate haplosamate A (1) as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. The high water solubility of haplosamate A (1) allowed exploration of its binding interactions with the human cannabinoid receptors in whole insect cells by means of saturation transfer double-difference NMR spectroscopy. This technique confirmed that haplosamate A (1) binds selectively to these receptors.
ACS Chem Biol 2009 Feb 20
PMID:Functional cell-based screening and saturation transfer double-difference NMR have identified haplosamate A as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. 1917 6

In this article, we report the synthesis of bifunctional Au-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles that are formed by chemical bond linkage. Due to the introduction of Au nanoparticles, the resulting bifunctional Au-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles can be easily modified with other functional molecules to realize various nanobiotechnological separations and detections. Here, as an example, we demonstrate that as-prepared Au-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles can be modified with nitrilotriacetic acid molecules through Au-S interaction and used to separate proteins simply with the assistance of a magnet. Bradford protein assay and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were performed to examine the validity of the separation procedure, and the phosphate determination method suggested that the as-separated protein maintained catalytic activity. This result shows the efficiency of such a material in protein separation and suggests that its use can be extended to magnetic separation of other biosubstances. Moreover, this synthetic strategy paves the way for facile preparation of diverse bifunctional and even multifunctional nanomaterials.
ACS Nano 2007 Nov
PMID:Bifunctional Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for protein separation. 1920 79

Although carbon nanotubes have attracted enormous research interest, their practical application is still hindered, primarily, by the difficulty of separating them into samples monodispersed in diameter, chirality, and length. Recent advances show that ultracentrifugating carbon nanotube dispersions stabilized by surfactants is a promising route for achieving the desired separation. For further perfectioning this procedure it is necessary to know how surfactants adsorb on nanotubes of different diameters, which determines the nanotube-surfactant aggregate effective density and the nanotube-nanotube potential of mean force. Because only limited experimental data are available to elucidate these phenomena, we report here an extensive all-atom molecular dynamics study on the morphology of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant aggregates adsorbed on (6,6), (12,12), and (20,20) single walled carbon nanotubes at room conditions. Our calculations reveal that the nanotube diameter is the primary factor that determines the morphology of the aggregates because of a competition between the entropic and energetic advantage encountered by the surfactants when they wrap one nanotube, and the enthalpic penalty faced during this process due to bending of the surfactant molecule. The data are in qualitative agreement with the neutron scattering results reported by Yurekli et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9902], and for the first time provide an atomic-level description helpful in designing better separation, as well as stabilization techniques for aqueous carbon nanotube dispersions.
ACS Nano 2009 Mar 24
PMID:SDS surfactants on carbon nanotubes: aggregate morphology. 1922 60

We used anionic sulfate surfactants to assist the stabilization of graphene in aqueous solutions and facilitate the self-assembly of in situ grown nanocrystalline TiO2, rutile and anatase, with graphene. These nanostructured TiO2-graphene hybrid materials were used for investigation of Li-ion insertion properties. The hybrid materials showed significantly enhanced Li-ion insertion/extraction in TiO2. The specific capacity was more than doubled at high charge rates, as compared with the pure TiO2 phase. The improved capacity at high charge-discharge rate may be attributed to increased electrode conductivity in the presence of a percolated graphene network embedded into the metal oxide electrodes.
ACS Nano 2009 Apr 28
PMID:Self-assembled TiO2-graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced Li-ion insertion. 1932 86

Tumor-specific gene delivery constitutes a primary challenge in nonviral mediated gene therapy. In this investigation, branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, 25 kDa) was modified by forming nanoconstructs with a natural polysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate (CS), to impart site-specific property. A library of CS-PEI (CP) nanoconstructs was fabricated by altering the content of CS and evaluated in terms of size, surface charge, morphology, pDNA loading efficiency, pDNA release assay, pDNA protection study, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficiency. In vitro transfection efficiency of CP nanoconstructs was examined in HEK293, HEK293T, HepG2, and HeLa cell lines, while their cytotoxicity was investigated in HepG2 and HeLa cells. DNase I protection assay showed that the plasmid was protected from degradation over a period of time. The CP nanoconstructs possess significantly lower toxicity and enhanced transfection efficiency compared to PEI (25 kDa) and commercial transfection reagents (i.e., superfect, fugene, and GenePORTER 2). Further, the CP nanoconstructs were also found to transfect cells in serum-containing medium. In vivo studies were carried out with pDNA loaded CP-3 nanoconstruct after intravenous (iv) injection in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT)-bearing mice. The outcome revealed higher concentration of CP-3 nanoconstruct in tumor mass. These findings demonstrate that CP nanoconstructs could be exploited as carriers for nanomedicine for efficient management of solid tumor.
ACS Nano 2009 Jun 23
PMID:Gene expression, biodistribution, and pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation of chondroitin sulfate-PEI nanoconstructs mediated tumor gene therapy. 1944 35

Natural polyphenols with previously demonstrated anticancer potential, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), tannic acid, curcumin, and theaflavin, were encased into gelatin-based 200 nm nanoparticles consisting of a soft gel-like interior with or without a surrounding LbL shell of polyelectrolytes (polystyrene sulfonate/polyallylamine hydrochloride, polyglutamic acid/poly-l-lysine, dextran sulfate/protamine sulfate, carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin, type A) assembled using the layer-by-layer technique. The characteristics of polyphenol loading and factors affecting their release from the nanocapsules were investigated. Nanoparticle-encapsulated EGCG retained its biological activity and blocked hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced intracellular signaling in the breast cancer cell line MBA-MD-231 as potently as free EGCG.
ACS Nano 2009 Jul 28
PMID:Layer-by-Layer-Coated Gelatin Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for Delivery of Natural Polyphenols. 1953 72

Whole cantaloupes either not inoculated or inoculated with Salmonella Poona were submerged in water, 180 ppm of chlorine, acidified calcium sulfate (ACS: 1.2% Safe(2)O-ACS50), 1,000 ppm of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), 80 ppm of peroxyacetic acid (PAA), and a combination of ACS and PAA for 10 min. Although only ASC and the combination of ACS and PAA significantly reduced the aerobic plate count of samples taken from the surface of whole cantaloupe (compared with samples taken from cantaloupe submerged in water only), all treatments reduced yeast and mold counts on the whole cantaloupe. However, none of the treatments of whole cantaloupes consistently reduced yeast and mold counts for the samples of fresh-cut cantaloupes. The aerobic plate counts for fresh-cut cantaloupe were reduced by 1 to 2 log CFU/g by sanitization of whole fruit with ASC, ACS, and the combination of ACS and PAA. The low bacterial population on the fresh-cut fruit was maintained during 14 days of storage at 4 degrees C. All treatments had a limited effect on the population of Salmonella, achieving no more than a 1.5-log reduction of the pathogen inoculated on the surface of the whole cantaloupes. Salmonella was nondetectable via direct plating (with a detection limit of 0.4 log CFU/g) in fresh-cut cantaloupes prepared from whole cantaloupes treated with any of the sanitizers. However, after enrichment, Salmonella often was detectable. Color, texture, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid, and drip loss of cut cantaloupes were not consistently affected by any of the whole-fruit treatments. Overall, treatments of whole cantaloupe with ASC, ACS, and the combination of ACS and PAA at the concentrations tested permitted a significant reduction in Salmonella and native microflora of whole and cut fruit; however, Salmonella still could be found in cut cantaloupes from all treatments.
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PMID:Use of chemical sanitizers to reduce microbial populations and maintain quality of whole and fresh-cut cantaloupe. 2000 25


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