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Hyperthermophiles are a group of microorganisms that have their optimum growth temperature above 80 degrees C. More than 60 species of the hyperthermophiles have been isolated from marine and continental volcanic environments. Most hyperthermophiles belong to Archaea, the third domain of life, and are considered to be the most ancient of all extant life forms. Recent studies have revealed the presence of unusual sugar metabolic processes in hyperthermophilic archaea, for example, a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, that has so far not been observed in bacteria and eucarya. Several novel enzymes, such as ADP-dependent glucokinase, ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase, have been found to be involved in a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. In addition, a unique mode of ATP regeneration has been postulated to exist in the pathway of P. furiosus. The metabolic design observed in this microorganism might reflect the situation at an early stage of evolution.
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PMID:Unique sugar metabolism and novel enzymes of hyperthermophilic archaea. 1476 28

Hyperthermophiles, a group of microorganisms whose optimum growth temperatures are above 80 degrees C, have been isolated mainly from marine and continental volcanic environments. They are viewed as potential sources of extraordinarily stable biomolecules with applications in novel industrial processes. Most hyperthermophiles belong to the domain Archaea, the third domain of life, and are considered to be the most ancient of all extant life forms. Recent studies have revealed unusual energy metabolic processes in hyperthermophilic archaea, e.g. a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, that have not been observed so far in organisms belonging to the Bacteria and Eucarya domains. Several novel enzymes--ADP-dependent glucokinase, ADP-dependent phosphofruktokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase--have been found to be involved in the modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. In addition, a novel regulation site for energy metabolism and a unique mode of ATP regeneration have been postulated to exist in the pathway of P. furiosus. The metabolic design observed in this microorganism might reflect the situation at an early stage of evolution. This review focuses mainly on the unique energy metabolism and related enzymes of P. furiosus that have recently been described.
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PMID:Novel energy metabolism in anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea: a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 1623 30

In this research article, we reported a self-assembly approach to prepare a copper polyphosphate kinase 2 hybrid nanoflower and established a cofactor ADP regeneration system from AMP using the nanoflower. First, the structure of the hybrid nanoflower was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which indicated the successful loading of the enzyme in the hybrid nanoflower. Moreover, compared to the free enzyme, the hybrid nanoflower exhibited a better performance in ADP production and possessed wider catalytic pH and temperature ranges as well as improved storage stability. The hybrid nanoflower also exhibited well reusability, preserving 71.7% of initial activity after being used for ten cycles. In addition, the phosphorylation of glucose was conducted by utilizing ADP-dependent glucokinase coupled with the ADP regeneration system, in which the hybrid nanoflower was used for regenerating ADP from AMP. It was observed that the ADP regeneration system operated effectively at a very small amount of AMP. Thus, the hybrid nanoflower had great application potential in industrial catalytic processes that were coupled with ADP-dependent enzymes.
ACS Omega 2020 May 05
PMID:Preparation of a Copper Polyphosphate Kinase Hybrid Nanoflower and Its Application in ADP Regeneration from AMP. 3239 87