Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase)
 9,166 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To better understand the contributions that the structural maintenance of chromosome proteins (SMCs) make to condensin activity, we have tested a number of biochemical, biophysical, and DNA-associated attributes of the Smc2p-Smc4p pair from budding yeast. Smc2p and Smc4p form a stable heterodimer, the "Smc2/4 complex," which upon analysis by sedimentation equilibrium appears to reversibly self-associate to form heterotetramers. Individually, neither Smc2p nor Smc4p hydrolyzes ATP; however, ATPase activity is recovered by equal molar mixing of both purified proteins. Hydrolysis activity is unaffected by the presence of DNA. Smc2/4 binds both linearized and circular plasmids, and the binding appears to be independent of adenylate nucleotide. High mole ratios of Smc2/4 to plasmid promote a geometric change in circular DNA that can be trapped as knots by type II topoisomerases but not as supercoils by a type I topoisomerase. Binding titration analyses reveal that two Smc2/4-DNA-bound states exist, one disrupted by and one resistant to salt challenge. Competition-displacement experiments show that Smc2/4-DNA-bound species formed at even high protein to DNA mole ratios remain reversible. Surprisingly, only linear and supercoiled DNA, not nicked-circular DNA, can completely displace Smc2/4 prebound to a labeled, nicked-circular DNA. To explain this geometry-dependent competition, we present two models of DNA binding by SMCs in which two DNA duplexes are captured within the inter-coil space of an Smc2/4 heterodimer. Based on these models, we propose a DNA displacement mechanism to explain how differences in geometry could affect the competitive potential of DNA.
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PMID:Biochemical analysis of the yeast condensin Smc2/4 complex: an ATPase that promotes knotting of circular DNA. 1271 26

Ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that results from mutations of aprataxin (APTX). APTX associates with the DNA single- and double-strand break repair machinery and is able to remove AMP from 5'-termini at DNA strand breaks in vitro. However, attempts to establish a DNA strand break repair defect in APTX-defective cells have proved conflicting and unclear. We reasoned that this may reflect that DNA strand breaks with 5'-AMP represent only a minor subset of breaks induced in cells, and/or the availability of alternative mechanisms for removing AMP from 5'-termini. Here, we have attempted to increase the dependency of chromosomal single- and double-strand break repair on aprataxin activity by slowing the rate of repair of 3'-termini in aprataxin-defective neural cells, thereby increasing the likelihood that the 5'-termini at such breaks become adenylated and/or block alternative repair mechanisms. To do this, we generated a mouse model in which APTX is deleted together with tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1), an enzyme that repairs 3'-termini at a subset of single-strand breaks (SSBs), including those with 3'-topoisomerase-1 (Top1) peptide. Notably, the global rate of repair of oxidative and alkylation-induced SSBs was significantly slower in Tdp1(-/-)/Aptx(-/-) double knockout quiescent mouse astrocytes compared with Tdp1(-/-) or Aptx(-/-) single knockouts. In contrast, camptothecin-induced Top1-SSBs accumulated to similar levels in Tdp1(-/-) and Tdp1(-/-)/Aptx(-/-) double knockout astrocytes. Finally, we failed to identify a measurable defect in double-strand break repair in Tdp1(-/-), Aptx(-/-) or Tdp1(-/-)/Aptx(-/-) astrocytes. These data provide direct evidence for a requirement for aprataxin during chromosomal single-strand break repair in primary neural cells lacking Tdp1.
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PMID:Synergistic decrease of DNA single-strand break repair rates in mouse neural cells lacking both Tdp1 and aprataxin. 1930 73

Tirapazamine (TPZ) is an anticancer drug with highly selective cytotoxicity toward hypoxic cells. TPZ is converted to a radical intermediate under hypoxic conditions, and this intermediate interacts with intracellular macromolecules, including DNA. TPZ has been reported to indirectly induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through the formation of various intermediate DNA lesions under hypoxic conditions. Although the topoisomerase II-DNA complex has been identified as one of these intermediates, other lesions have not yet been defined. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the selective cytotoxicity of TPZ toward hypoxic cells, its cellular sensitivity was systematically examined with genetically isogenic DNA-repair-deficient mutant DT40 cell lines. Our results showed that tdp1-/-, tdp2-/-, parp1-/-, and aptx1-/- cells displayed hypersensitivity to TPZ only under hypoxic conditions. These results strongly suggest that the accumulation of the topoisomerase I-trapped DNA complex, topoisomerase II-trapped DNA complex, and abortive ligation products with 5'-AMP are the potential causes of TPZ-induced hypoxic cell death. Furthermore, our genetic analysis revealed that under normoxic conditions (as well as hypoxic conditions), TPZ exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward cell lines deficient in homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, base excision repair, and translesion synthesis. Ascorbic acid, a radical scavenger, suppressed TPZ-induced cytotoxicity toward normoxic cells. These results suggest the involvement of oxidative DNA damage and DSBs produced by reactive oxygen species generated from superoxide, a byproduct of the oxidation of TPZ radical intermediates in normoxic cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TPZ induces oxidative DNA damage under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and selectively introduces abortive topoisomerase-DNA complexes and unligatable DNA ends under hypoxic conditions.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity of Tirapazamine (3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide)-Induced DNA Damage in Chicken DT40 Cells. 2794 78