Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase)
9,166 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cellular effects of novel indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives were studied. These compounds are synthetic analogs of plant alkaloid neocryptolepine (5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline) present in extracts from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. They are traditionally used in natural medicine in Central and West Africa. Previous molecular and computational studies indicated that these compounds were DNA intercalators and inhibitors of topoisomerase II. We have extended our studies on their mode of action to the cellular level. Past experiments have shown that these compounds were active in vitro against cell lines derived from solid tumors, so for the present studies we selected leukemic cell lines. Jurkat acute T cell, CCRF-CEM T lymphoblastoid, THP-1 acute monocytic, HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukemias, and HL-60/MX2 subline with reduced expression of topoisomerase II were used. We evaluated the cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of the indolo[2,3-b]quinoline compounds. We also tested if these compounds were able to induce apoptosis in the cells. Our studies revealed that novel indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives were more cytotoxic to all cell lines than etoposide (used as a reference topoisomerase II inhibitor), and that their cytotoxicity depended on the substituents introduced to the indolo[2,3-b]quinoline core. Surprisingly, our studies have shown that HL-60/MX2 cell line and also THP-1 cell line, resistant to etoposide, were susceptible to methyl- and methoxy-substituted indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. In parallel to the evaluation of cytotoxicity we studied cell cycle effects of these compounds. Treatment of HL-60 cells with etoposide in subcytotoxic concentrations resulted in a massive accumulation of the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. When we used subcytotoxic concentrations of our novel indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives the cell cycle progression of HL-60 cells was not affected. Moreover, the cell cycle of HL-60/MX2 cells was not influenced by any of the compounds studied. Indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives induced apoptosis in HL-60 and HL-60/MX2 cells, but only in concentrations close to IC50 determined in cytotoxic assays. Etoposide induced apoptosis in HL-60 parental cell line, but in a very broad range of concentrations. Our results suggest that topoisomerase II may not represent the main cellular target for novel indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. They show that the cells resistant to topoisomerase II poison, etoposide, were still sensitive to our compounds.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of novel indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. 1268 78

We have recently shown that the topoisomerase II inhibitor, etoposide (VP16), could trigger caspase-2 pre-mRNA splicing in human leukemic cell lines. This leads to increased inclusion of exon 9, which is specifically inserted into the short caspase-2S isoform mRNA and absent from the long caspase-2L isoform mRNA. One of the consequences of this alternative splicing is a decrease in the total amount of the mature form of caspase-2L mRNA and protein. In this study, we analyzed the effects of several representative molecules of various classes of cytotoxic agents on caspase-2 pre-mRNA splicing in both U937 leukemic cells and in HeLa cervix carcinoma cells. Very strikingly, both topoisomerase I (camptothecin and homocamptothecin derivatives) and II (VP16, amsacrine, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone) inhibitors induced exon 9 inclusion. DNA intercalating glycosyl indolocarbazole derivatives as well as DNA alkylating agents, such as cisplatin and melphalan, antimetabolites like 5-fluorouracil, and mitotic spindle poisons like vinblastine had no effect. Therefore, both classes of DNA topoisomerases can control pre-mRNA splicing of the caspase-2 transcript. In addition, the splicing reaction brought about by camptothecin was hampered in human CEM/C2 and in murine P388-45R leukemic deficient in topoisomerase I activity. Conversely, VP16 did not trigger caspase-2 alternative splicing in human HL60/MX2 leukemic cells harboring a mutant topoisomerase II. Minigene transfection analysis revealed that topoisomerase inhibitors did not change the splicing profile when cis-acting elements in intron-9, reported to control exon 9 inclusion independently of drug treatment, were removed. Rather, our experiments suggest that exon 9 inclusion induced by topoisomerase inhibitors reflects the activity exerted by topoisomerase I or II on proteins that control splicing reactions, or their direct involvement in pre-mRNA splicing.
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PMID:Topoisomerase I and II inhibitors control caspase-2 pre-messenger RNA splicing in human cells. 1475 46

Cellular resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is attributable to several mechanisms, including alteration of topoisomerase IIa gene expression. Our previous studies have shown that transient transfection with a vector containing either Drosophila or human topoisomerase IIalpha gene into drug-resistant tumor cells enhanced their drug sensitivity. Furthermore, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus, Ad-hTopoIIalpha, containing the human topoisomerase IIa gene that was able to selectively increase etoposide sensitivity in drug-resistant tumor cells. We also examined Ad-hTopoIIalpha for therapeutic efficacy in vitro using additional etoposide-resistant cell lines, including a mouse breast cancer cell line and a human leukemia cell line. The etoposide-resistant mouse breast cancer cell line FvP, which is derived from FM3A, and etoposide-resistant human breast cancer cell line, MDA-VP, which derived from MDA-P cells showed increased sensitivity to etoposide as well as increased expression of human Topoisomerase IIa mRNA, but this was not seen in FM3A and MDA-P cells. On the other hand, the etoposide-resistant human leukemia cell line K562/MX2 and the parental cell line K562/P did not show enhanced sensitivity against etoposide or an increase in human Topoisomerase IIa mRNA. Using a recombinant adenovirus containing beta-galactosidase gene (Ad-beta-gal), K562 cells were not transducted by the recombinant adenovirus, while both etoposide-sensitive FM3A cells and etoposide resistant FvP cells were transducted by recombinant adenovirus. Ad-hTOP2alpha and etopside treatment showed reduced inoculated tumor weight in the mice. We concluded that a recombinant adenovirus containing the human Topoisomerase IIalpha gene might be a powerful tool for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer cells, but not in leukemia cells.
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PMID:Adenovirus-mediated human topoisomerase IIalpha gene transfer increases the sensitivity of etoposide-resistant human and mouse breast cancer cells. 1607 96

A series of novel 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives, substituted at C-2, C-9 or N-6 position with dialkyl(alkylamino)alkyl chains differing in the number of methylene groups, was prepared. These compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity against several cell lines of different origin and tested for their ability to influence the cell cycle and inhibit topoisomerase II activity. Liphophilic and calf thymus DNA-binding properties of these compounds were also investigated. All the compounds tested inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi at MIC values ranging between 0.25 and 1 mM. They also showed cytotoxic activity against KB (human cervix carcinoma) cells (ID50 varied from 2.1 to 9.0 microM) and were able to overcome multidrug resistance in colorectal adenocarcinoma LoVo/DX, uterine sarcoma MES-SA/DX5 and promyelocytic leukemia HL-60/MX2 cells (the values of the resistance index RI fell between 0.54 and 2.4). The compounds induced G2M-phase cell cycle arrest in Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells, revealed DNA-binding properties and inhibited topoisomerase II activity.
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PMID:Biological evaluation of omega-(dialkylamino)alkyl derivatives of 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline--novel cytotoxic DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors. 1608 May 38

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs and exhibits a wide spectrum of activity against solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias. Doxorubicin is classified as a topoisomerase II poison, although other mechanisms of action have been characterized. Here, we show that doxorubicin-DNA adducts (formed by the coadministration of doxorubicin with non-toxic doses of formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs) induce a more cytotoxic response in HL-60 cells than doxorubicin as a single agent. Doxorubicin-DNA adducts seem to be independent of classic topoisomerase II-mediated cellular responses (as observed by employing topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors and HL-60/MX2 cells). Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin-DNA adducts initiates a caspase cascade that can be blocked by overexpressed Bcl-2, suggesting that adducts induce a classic mode of apoptosis. A reduction in the level of topoisomerase II-mediated double-strand-breaks was also observed with increasing levels of doxorubicin-DNA adducts and increased levels of apoptosis, further confirming that adducts exhibit a separate mechanism of action compared with the classic topoisomerase II poison mode of cell death by doxorubicin alone. Collectively, these results indicate that the presence of formaldehyde transfers doxorubicin from topoisomerase II-mediated cellular damage to the formation of doxorubicin-DNA adducts, and that these adducts are more cytotoxic than topoisomerase II-mediated lesions. These results also show that doxorubicin can induce apoptosis by a non-topoisomerase II-dependent mechanism, and this provides exciting new prospects for enhancing the clinical use of this agent and for the development of new derivatives and new tumor-targeted therapies.
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PMID:Doxorubicin-DNA adducts induce a non-topoisomerase II-mediated form of cell death. 1665 42

Doxorubicin executes topoisomerase II mediated apoptosis, a process known to result in mitochondrial dysfunction, such as the leakage of cytochrome c and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (PTP). To further define the effects of doxorubicin on cell metabolism, we measured cellular respiration, cellular ATP, DNA fragmentation, and cytochrome c leakage in Jurkat (supersensitive), human leukemia-60 (HL-60, sensitive), and HL-60/MX2 (resistant) cells following exposure to 1.0 microM doxorubicin for 30 min. The measurements were made after 24 h of exposure to the drug. In Jurkat and HL-60 cells, doxorubicin treatment increased cellular mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP content by 2-3-fold. The increment in oxygen consumption was blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-dl-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) and by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A. In HL-60/MX2 cells, which are resistant because of a reduced topoisomerase II activity, doxorubicin treatment was without effect on either respiration or ATP content, suggesting that topoisomerase II was essential for induction of apoptosis and stimulation of respiration and ATP content. The conclusion that both of the latter processes were products of oxidations in the mitochondrial respiratory chain was supported by the further observation that rotenone and sodium cyanide inhibited oxygen consumption and substantially lowered ATP content in the treated and untreated cells. Thus, oxidative phosphorylation is enhanced in cells briefly incubated with doxorubicin for as long as 24 h post drug exposure despite apoptosis-associated mitochondrial insults caused by the drug.
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PMID:Enhanced cellular respiration in cells exposed to doxorubicin. 1674 63

Doxorubicin executes apoptosis, a process known to produce leakage of cytochrome c and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores. To define the loss of mitochondrial function by apoptosis, we monitored cellular respiration during continuous exposure to doxorubicin. A phosphorescence analyzer capable of stable measurements over at least 5 h was used to measure [O(2)]. In solutions containing glucose and cells, [O(2)] declined linearly with time, showing that the kinetics of oxygen consumption was zero order. Complete inhibition of oxygen consumption by cyanide indicated that oxidations occurred in the respiratory chain. A decline in the rate of respiration was evident in Jurkat and HL-60 cells exposed to doxorubicin. The decline was abrupt, occurring after about 2 h of incubation. The inhibition was concentration-dependent and was completely blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone. Respiration in resistant HL-60/MX2 cells, characterized by an altered topoisomerase II activity, was not inhibited by doxorubicin. A decline in cellular ATP was measured in Jurkat cells after 2-4 h of incubation with 20 microM doxorubicin, paralleling the decline in respiration rate. Thus, cells incubated with doxorubicin exhibit caspase-mediated inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
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PMID:Inhibition of cellular respiration by doxorubicin. 1691 44

Amonafide, a naphthalimide derivative, although selected for exploratory clinical trials for its potent anticancer activity, has long been challenged by its unpredictable side effects. In the present study, a novel amonafide analogue, 2-(2-dimethylamino)-6-thia-2-aza-benzo-[def]-chrysene-1,3-diones (R16) was synthesized by substituting 5'-NH(2) of the naphthyl with a heterocyclic group to amonafide, with additional introduction of a thiol group. In a panel of various human tumor cell lines, R16 was more cytotoxic than its parent compound amonafide. It was also effective against multidrug-resistant cells. Importantly, the i.p. administration of R16 inhibited tumor growth in mice implanted with S-180 sarcoma and H(22) hepatoma. The molecular and cellular machinery studies showed that the R16 functions as a topoisomerase II (topo II) poison via binding to the ATPase domain of human topo IIalpha. The superior cytotoxicity of R16 to amonafide was ascribed to its potent effects on trapping topo II-DNA cleavage complexes. Moreover, using a topo II catalytic inhibitor aclarubicin, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase inhibitor caffeine and topo II-deficient HL-60/MX2 cells, we further showed that R16-triggered DNA double-strand breaks, tumor cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis were in a topo II-dependent manner. Taken together, R16 stood out by its improved anticancer activity, appreciable anti-multidrug resistance activities, and well-defined topo II poisoning mechanisms, as comparable with the parent compound amonafide. All these collectively promise the potential value of R16 as an anticancer drug candidate, which deserves further development.
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PMID:R16, a novel amonafide analogue, induces apoptosis and G2-M arrest via poisoning topoisomerase II. 1730 47

Acridine derivatives, such as amsacrine, represent a well known class of multi-targeted anti-cancer agents that generally interfere with DNA synthesis and inhibit topoisomerase II. But in addition, these tricyclic molecules often display secondary effects on other biochemical pathways including protein metabolism. In order to identify novel anti-cancer drugs, we evaluated the mechanism of action of a novel series of bis- and tetra-acridines. As expected, these molecules were found to interact with DNA and inhibit the topoisomerase II-mediated DNA decatenation. Interestingly when tested on human tumour cells either sensitive (HL-60) or resistant (HL-60/MX2) to topoisomerase II inhibitors, these molecules proved equicytotoxic against the two cell lines, suggesting that they do not only rely on topoisomerase II inhibition to exert their cytotoxic effects. In order to identify alternative targets, we tested the capacity of acridines 1-9 to inhibit the proteasome machinery. Four tetra-acridines inhibited the proteasome in vitro, with IC(50) values up to 40 times lower than that of the reference proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Moreover, unlike peptide aldehydes used as reference inhibitors for the proteasome, these new acridine compounds demonstrated a good selectivity towards the proteasome, when tested against four unrelated proteases. A cellular assay based on the degradation of a proteasome protein substrate indicated that at least two of the tetra-acridines maintained this proteasome inhibition activity in a cellular context. This is the first report of tetra-acridines that demonstrate dual topoisomerase II and proteasome inhibition properties. This new dual activity could represent a novel anti-cancer approach to circumvent certain forms of tumour resistance.
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PMID:Novel tetra-acridine derivatives as dual inhibitors of topoisomerase II and the human proteasome. 1739 47

This study measures the time-dependence of cellular caspase activation by anticancer drugs and compares it with that of cellular respiration. Intracellular caspase activation and cellular respiration were measured during continuous exposure of Jurkat, HL-60, and HL-60/MX2 (deficient in topoisomerase-II) cells to dactinomycin, doxorubicin, and the platinum (Pt) compounds cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Caspase activation was measured using the fluorogenic compound N-acetyl-asp-glu-val-asp-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (Ac-DEVD-AFC). We show that this substrate rapidly enters cells where it is efficiently cleaved at the aspartate residue by specific caspases, yielding the fluorescent compound 7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (AFC). Following cell disruption, released AFC was separated on HPLC and detected by fluorescence. The appearance of AFC in cells was blocked by the pancaspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-val-ala-asp-fluoromethylketone, thus establishing that intracellular caspases were responsible for the cleavage. Caspase activity was first noted after about 2 h of incubation with doxorubicin or dactinomycin, the production of AFC being linear with time afterward. Caspase activation by doxorubicin was delayed in HL-60/MX2 cells, reflecting the critical role of topoisomerase-II in doxorubicin cytotoxicity. For both drugs, caspase activity increased rapidly between approximately 2 and approximately 6 h, went through a maximum, and decreased after approximately 8 h ("caspase storm"). Cisplatin treatment induced noticeable caspase activity only after approximately 14 h of incubation, and the fluorescent intensity of AFC became linear with time at approximately 16 h. Exposure of the cells to all of the drugs studied led to impaired cellular respiration and decreased cellular ATP, concomitant with caspase activation. Thus, the mitochondria are rapidly targeted by active caspases.
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PMID:Caspase activation by anticancer drugs: the caspase storm. 1743 54


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