Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase)
 9,166 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous reports from this laboratory have demonstrated that novobiocin produces supraadditive cytotoxicity and increases the formation of drug-stabilized topoisomerase II-DNA covalent complexes in WEHI-3B myelomonocytic leukemia and A549 lung carcinoma cells when combined with etoposide (VP-16). Inhibition of the efflux of VP-16 by novobiocin is responsible for the increase in VP-16 accumulation, which in turn leads to increased formation of VP-16-stabilized topoisomerase II-DNA covalent complexes and increased cytotoxicity. We now report that novobiocin synergistically enhanced the sensitivity of the multidrug resistant variants, WEHI-3B/NOVO and A549(VP)28, to VP-16, causing almost complete reversal of the resistance to the epipodophyllotoxin. These two tumor cell variants are resistant to several topoisomerase II-targeted drugs, particularly VP-16, but not to Vinca alkaloids; this finding corresponds to the fact that they do not overexpress the P-glycoprotein. The effects of novobiocin in these resistant sublines are mediated through the intracellular accumulation of VP-16, resulting in an increase in the formation of lethal VP-16-induced topoisomerase II-DNA covalent complexes. In the P-glycoprotein expressing multidrug resistant HCT116(VM)34 colon carcinoma and L1210/VMDRC0.06 leukemia cell lines, the latter being transfected with the human mdr-1 gene, novobiocin did not potentiate the cytotoxic activity of VP-16 nor increase the intracellular accumulation of VP-16 and the formation of covalent complexes, whereas their normal counterparts were sensitive to the potentiating activity of novobiocin when used in combination with VP-16. These results indicate that the action of novobiocin on the intracellular transport of VP-16 is not directed at the level of the P-glycoprotein, but that the action of novobiocin is antagonized by the presence of the P-glycoprotein. Since novobiocin is a clinically available antibiotic, has numerous structural analogues available for comparative studies, and has a relatively low toxicity profile, this drug, as well as structurally related agents, would appear to have significant clinical potential in combination with an epipodophyllotoxin for the treatment of non-P-glycoprotein expressing multidrug resistant tumors.
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PMID:Reversal of etoposide resistance in non-P-glycoprotein expressing multidrug resistant tumor cell lines by novobiocin. 810 48

1-Aryl 3-(2-chloroethyl) ureas (CEUs), a new class of potent antineoplastic agents, were recently developed in our laboratory. These compounds were designed from the aromatic moiety of chlorambucil and the unnitrosated pharmacophore of carmustine. In the present study we investigated the effect of the potent CEU derivative 4-tert-butyl-[3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido] benzene (tBCEU) on tumor cell lines selected for resistance to a wide range of anticancer drugs. The resistance mechanisms found in these cells included increased expression of P-glycoprotein, increased intracellular concentration of glutathione and/or glutathione-S-transferase activity, alteration of topoisomerase II, and increased DNA repair. Whereas the resistant cell lines were found to be highly resistant to a panel of clinically known anticancer drugs, tBCEU was found to be equally cytotoxic to both resistant and parental cells. The nitrobenzylpyridine assay indicated that tBCEU is a weaker alkylating agent than chlorambucil. This lack of cross-resistance in various resistant tumor cells suggests that tBCEU could be potentially useful in the treatment of cancers resistant to conventional anticancer drugs.
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PMID:Lack of cross-resistance to a new cytotoxic arylchloroethyl urea in various drug-resistant tumor cells. 813 59

K562 leukaemia cells were selected for resistance using 0.5 microM etoposide (VP-16). Cloned K/VP.5 cells were 30-fold resistant to growth inhibition by VP-16 and 5- to 13-fold resistant to m-AMSA, adriamycin and mitoxantrone. K/VP.5 cells did not overexpress P-glycoprotein; VP-16 accumulation was similar to that in K562 cells. VP-16-induced DNA damage was reduced in cells and nuclei from K/VP.5 cells compared with K562 cells. Topoisomerase II protein was reduced 3- to 7-fold and topoisomerase II alpha and topoisomerase II beta mRNAs were each reduced 3-fold in resistant cells. After drug removal, VP-16-induced DNA damage disappeared 1.7 times more rapidly and VP-16-induced DNA-topoisomerase II adducts dissociated 1.5 times more rapidly in K/VP.5 cells than in K562 cells. ATP (1 mM) was more effective in enhancing VP-16-induced DNA damage in nuclei isolated from sensitive cells than in nuclei from resistant cells. In addition, ATP (0.3-5 mM) stimulated VP-16-induced DNA-topoisomerase II adducts to a greater extent in K562 nuclei than in K/VP.5 nuclei. Taken together, these results indicate that resistance to VP-16 in a K562 subline is associated with a quantitative reduction in topoisomerase II protein and, in addition, a distinct qualitative alteration in topoisomerase II affecting the stability of drug-induced DNA-topoisomerase II complexes.
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PMID:Altered stability of etoposide-induced topoisomerase II-DNA complexes in resistant human leukaemia K562 cells. 814 56

Some "multidrug-resistant" (MDR) cell lines are not associated with a defect in drug accumulation or with the overexpression of P-glycoprotein. These cell lines are defined as "atypical MDR" (at-MDR) and they often express altered or mutated topoisomerase II. We investigated the ability of tumor necrosis factor to reverse at-MDR (in the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 DX3) on the basis of its efficacy in potentiating in vitro topoisomerase II-targeted drugs, and because there is convincing evidence that the synergy is due to an increased number of topoisomerase-associated strand-breaks as well as to an increased level of extractable topoisomerase.
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PMID:Circumvention of atypical multidrug resistance with tumor necrosis factor. 814 94

The essential nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase II is required for the action of a significant number of cytotoxic compounds. Resistance mechanisms identified in cell lines include down-regulation of protein expression, by gene methylation or down-regulation of mRNA, altered drug-DNA-protein interaction or ATP binding, post translational modification of the protein and alteration in expression of the isoenzymes. There is a lack of data relating the findings from these cell lines to observations from clinical practice and the evolution of specific drug resistance in patients. For leukaemias, several studies using different in vitro chemosensitivity assays show a correlation between the clinical response and the in vitro sensitivity (Sargent & Taylor, 1989; Pieters et al, 1989; Larsson et al, 1992; Bosanquet, 1991). From this data, outcome may be related to the mechanism of resistance and allow the development of strategies to overcome them. This includes the use of colony stimulating factors or antimetabolites or the development of new drugs to utilize topoisomerases as their target but which are not transported by P-glycoprotein. Thus an understanding of these mechanisms may help in the optimal use of the topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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PMID:The role of DNA topoisomerases II in drug resistance. 828 May 97

A drug-resistant human small cell lung cancer cell line, H209/V6, selected in the presence of increasing concentrations of 9-(4,6-O-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4'-demethylepipodophylloto xin (VP-16) from parental H209 cells, is 22-, 9-, and 4-fold resistant to VP-16, 4'-(9-acridinyl-amino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide, and doxorubicin, respectively, but not cross-resistant to 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino] ethyl]-amino)-9,10-anthracenedione. These cells do not overexpress P-glycoprotein or the multidrug resistance-associated protein. Immunoblotting demonstrates that H209 cells contain the M(r) 170,000 isoform of topoisomerase II (topo II), while H209/V6 cells have a M(r) 160,000 enzyme but none of the M(r) 170,000 isoform. The cell lines have equal amounts of topo II beta. The H209/V6 cells have a 5-fold decrease in total immunoreactive topo II alpha. The catalytic and VP-16-induced DNA cleavage activities of the topo II present in 0.35 M NaCl nuclear extracts are decreased 2- to 3-fold in the drug-resistant cell line. This decrease in enzymatic activity is not consistent with either the 22-fold VP-16 resistance of the H209/V6 cell line or the approximately 5-fold decrease in immunoreactive topo II alpha in the cells. The M(r) 160,000 isoform from the H209/V6 cell line and the M(r) 170,000 enzyme from the parental cell line were purified so that the enzymatic activity of the 2 isoforms could be evaluated. The catalytic activities of the purified isoforms were found to be very similar. The drug-induced DNA cleavage activity of the M(r) 160,000 enzyme was reduced compared to the M(r) 170,000 enzyme. However, as with the nuclear extracts, the differences in enzymatic activity of the purified enzymes are considerably less than the level of drug resistance. Investigations of the subcellular localization of topo II by immunocytochemical techniques and cytoplasm/nuclear fractionation studies demonstrated that the M(r) 160,000 topo II alpha-related enzyme is primarily localized in the cytoplasm, while the M(r) 170,000 topo II alpha enzyme and topo II beta are located in the nucleus. These data imply that the deleted sequence in the M(r) 160,000 enzyme is not necessary for catalytic activity but is required to facilitate nuclear localization.
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PMID:Altered subcellular distribution of topoisomerase II alpha in a drug-resistant human small cell lung cancer cell line. 830 38

The successful treatment of cancer requires the identification of new drugs with novel actions. N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide dihydrochloride (DACA) is a topoisomerase II-targeted antitumour drug with curative activity against murine Lewis lung carcinoma. DACA was assessed for novel patterns of growth inhibition using normal and multidrug-resistant human cell lines. Cells were cultured in 96-well microtitre trays and tested against DACA and related topoisomerase-directed drugs, including amsacrine, etoposide and doxorubicin, and drug concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (IC50 or GI50 values) were determined. In a series of Jurkat leukaemia lines characterised as exhibiting atypical multidrug resistance, DACA was to a large extent capable of overcoming multidrug resistance exhibited towards the other topoisomerase-directed agents. DACA was also tested against the National Cancer Institute 60-tumour-specific cell-line panel (GI50 values ranging from 420 to 5,400 nM; mean, 2,100 nM) and against a series of primary cultures of surgically excised melanomas (IC50 values ranging from 60 to 1,600 nM; mean, 590 nM). DELTA values (deviations of logarithmic IC50 or GI50 values from the mean) were calculated and compared by correlation analysis. The standard deviation of DELTA values was found to be lower for DACA than for the other topoisomerase II-directed drugs amsacrine, etoposide, doxorubicin and mitozantrone in both the cell lines and the primary cultures. These lower standard deviations appear to have resulted from the reduced susceptibility of DACA to both P-glycoprotein- and topoisomerase II-mediated multidrug-resistance mechanisms occurring naturally in cell lines and primary cultures.
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PMID:In vitro assessment of N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide, a DNA-intercalating antitumour drug with reduced sensitivity to multidrug resistance. 838 21

The Adriamycin-resistant small cell lung carcinoma cell line, GLC4/ADR, showed large differences in cross-resistance to drugs such as Adriamycin, etoposide (VP-16), teniposide (VM-26), 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA), and mitoxantrone, which stimulate the formation of topoisomerase (Topo) II-DNA complexes. GLC4/ADR cells demonstrated a reduced Topo II activity and no detectable levels of the P-glycoprotein compared to the parental GLC4 cells (S. De Jong et al., Cancer Res., 50: 304-309, 1990). In the present study, the resistance to VM-26 (59.5-fold) and to m-AMSA (4-fold) of GLC4/ADR after a 1-h incubation was further analyzed. Using the K(+)-sodium dodecyl sulfate precipitation assay, a reduction in VM-26- and m-AMSA-induced cleavable complex formation was found in GLC4/ADR cells compared to GLC4 cells that was related to the degree of resistance to each drug. Cellular accumulation of the VM-26 analogues VP-16 was 3- to 8-fold less and the accumulation of m-AMSA 1- to 2-fold less in GLC4/ADR cells than in the parental cells. Following the removal of VM-26, the cleavable complexes in GLC4/ADR cells disappeared at least 2-fold faster than in GLC4 cells, while the efflux of VP-16 was also enhanced in the resistant cells. On the contrary, no differences in cleavable complex disappearance or drug efflux between these cell lines were observed with m-AMSA. Efflux of both drugs, however, occurred at a much higher rate than cleavable complex disappearance. Using isolated nuclei, a reduction in cleavable complexes in GLC4/ADR was still observed with VM-26 as well as m-AMSA compared to GLC4. The resistant nuclei and nuclear extracts showed a 3-fold decrease in M(r) 170,000 Topo II by immunoblotting. No differences in cleavable complex formation were found between nuclear extracts of both cell lines, when the Topo II activities were equalized. These findings suggest that the cross-resistance to m-AMSA is due to a decreased amount of Topo II and decreased drug accumulation, while in addition to these mechanisms an increased rate of cleavable complex disappearance is involved in the cross-resistance to VM-26 of the GLC4/ADR cell line.
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PMID:Topoisomerase II as a target of VM-26 and 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-aniside in atypical multidrug resistant human small cell lung carcinoma cells. 838 51

We have analyzed five human melanoma cell lines, displaying variable doxorubicin resistance (1- to 6-fold), for drug-induced DNA breaks, topoisomerase II activity and mRNA expression. Enhanced drug efflux was not the reason for doxorubicin resistance of these tumor cells although they overexpressed the transmembrane 170 kDa P-glycoprotein. Doxorubicin-induced DNA lesions (2-fold) and topoisomerase II activity (7-fold) were higher in HM-1 and G361 cells than in the less doxorubicin-sensitive NH and FCCM-9 cells. Topoisomerase II mRNA expression was also 2-fold higher in HM-1 and G361 cells. Doxorubicin-induced DNA breaks and topoisomerase II activity inversely correlated with the degree of doxorubicin sensitivity. Southern blot analysis showed variation in the hybridization pattern of topoisomerase II gene in doxorubicin-resistant cells when compared to sensitive cells. This study portrays the low doxorubicin sensitivity of NH and FCCM-9 cells as "atypical" and emphasizes the importance of DNA damage and topoisomerase II activity in cellular low doxorubicin resistance.
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PMID:Doxorubicin-induced DNA breaks, topoisomerase II activity and gene expression in human melanoma cells. 838 63

We examined the expression of the genes encoding topoisomerases I and II and those associated with V(D)J [variable(diversity)joining] recombination in two human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T.ALL) cell lines, CEM and CEM/DOX. In CEM/DOX cells, which are resistant to doxorubicin, the topoisomerase I gene was found to be 4-fold overexpressed and nuclear topoisomerase I relaxation activity was 2-fold greater in CEM/DOX than in CEM cells. Furthermore, the cleavable complex reaction induced by camptothecin, a specific topoisomerase I inhibitor, was found to be 2.5-increased in the presence of topoisomerase I extracted from CEM/DOX, in comparison to that in CEM cells. Conversely, the topoisomerase II mRNA levels, nuclear decatenation activities and (mAMSA) 4'(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide-induced cleavable complex formation in CEM/DOX were similar to those of the doxorubicin-sensitive cells. The results indicate that topoisomerase I activity is elevated in CEM/DOX cells. Nevertheless, CEM/DOX cells were 11-fold more resistant to camptothecin than were CEM cells, and cross-resistance to camptothecin was not reversed by verapamil. Furthermore, using an intact cell assay for DNA-protein complexes, we found that camptothecin-stimulated cleavable complexes formed in CEM/DOX cells were increased in correlation with the elevated topoisomerase I activity. These results suggest that camptothecin resistance in CEM/DOX cells is due to different mechanism(s) than topoisomerase- or P-glycoprotein-associated multidrug resistance. The recombination activating gene, RAG1, which is one of the components of the site-specific V(D)J recombination complex, was 20-fold overexpressed in CEM/DOX cells. In contrast, RAG2 and T160 gene transcripts, other components of the V(D)J complex, were at best poorly detected in both sensitive and resistant cells. No specific V(D)J recombinase activity was found in CEM or CEM/DOX cells when the pJH201 transfection assay was used. The results indicate that CEM/DOX cells failed to generate V(D)J recombination although RAG1 gene is overexpressed. The mechanism of the RAG1 gene activation was not gene amplification, and no rearrangement was detected in the RAG1 gene locus. RAG1 presents homology with the yeast gene HPR1, itself homologous to yeast topoisomerase I and responsible for the control of recombination in somatic cells. Since DNA topoisomerases are themselves involved in the control of DNA topology, recombination and DNA repair, the possible coactivation of RAG1 and topoisomerase I genes in CEM/DOX cells is discussed.
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PMID:Altered topoisomerase I activity and recombination activating gene expression in a human leukemia cell line resistant to doxorubicin. 839 37


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