Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase)
 9,166 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The circular concept of the bacterial chromosome was based initially on experiments involving conjugation mapping and autoradiographic imaging of DNA. This view was then supported by DNA fragment mapping, genome sequencing, and the analysis of linear DNA produced by a single cleavage of chromosomal DNA. A circular chromosome is also indicated by the existence of a mechanism for segregating dimeric chromosomes produced by recombination and the replication of DNA on both sides of the replication terminus. The evidence for circularity is reviewed here and found to be compatible with either a circular or a linear chromosomal DNA molecule. Moving pictures of ethidium-stained DNA revealed most chromosomal DNA as a rosette form with loops emanating from a dense node or as a network of strands lacking a node. This description applies to Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pyrococcus endeavorii, Vibrio cholerae, and both the linear-mapping chromosome of Streptomyces lividans and its circular-mapping derivative. Networks without nodes were found for two linear-mapping Borrelia species. For the E. coli chromosome, open-form circles of various sizes were found only at extremely low frequency. The node of the rosette was reduced in size or eliminated in recA mutants, as well as by treatment with either ribonuclease, topoisomerase IV, 1 M NaCl, or lysozyme. A model is presented for the bacterial chromosome in which the DNA is compacted by many points of strand association (including recombination junctions, tangles and knots) created during the repair of DNA damage that occurs many times in each chromosome replication cycle.
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PMID:The form of chromosomal DNA molecules in bacterial cells. 1127 67

In order to validate the usefulness of gyrB genotype for the classification and identification of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, the phylogenetic analysis of 13 V. cholerae, 8 V. parahaemolyticus, 2 Aeromonas hydrophila and 1 Plesiomonas shigelloides strains was carried out using the partial coding sequence of gyrB, a gene that encodes the B subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase type II ) in bacteria. These strains were separately clustered at species level and typed by the DNA sequences of reference strains from GenBank. CtxA positive V. cholerae strains including 8 clincical isolates of 0139 and 2 clinical isolates of 01 formed one cluster. Four V. parahaemolyticus strains of 1 isolate from 2002 Zhejiang outbreak patient ( tdh positive), 2 clinical isoltates from 2004 and 1 strain from Japan were grouped with an environmental isolate ( trh positive) from 2001. GyrB genotype is applicable to species identification of V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, A. hydrophila and P. shigelloides isolates. The ctxA positive 0139 and 01 group of V. cholerae are closely related, as reflected by gyrB sequence divergence. Furthermore, the toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus strain isolated from environments may be the potential pathogen to the local prevalent and sporadic cases.
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PMID:[Classification and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates based on gyrB gene phylogenetic analysis]. 1730 48

Ciprofloxacin was introduced for treatment of patients with cholera in Bangladesh because of resistance to other agents, but its utility has been compromised by the decreasing ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae over time. We correlated levels of susceptibility and temporal patterns with the occurrence of mutation in gyrA, which encodes a subunit of DNA gyrase, followed by mutation in parC, which encodes a subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV. We found that ciprofloxacin activity was more recently further compromised in strains containing qnrVC3, which encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein of the Qnr subfamily, members of which protect topoisomerases from quinolone action. We show that qnrVC3 confers transferable low-level quinolone resistance and is present within a member of the SXT integrating conjugative element family found commonly on the chromosomes of multidrug-resistant strains of V. cholerae and on the chromosomes of Escherichia coli transconjugants constructed in the laboratory. Thus, progressive increases in quinolone resistance in V. cholerae are linked to cumulative mutations in quinolone targets and most recently to a qnr gene on a mobile multidrug resistance element, resulting in further challenges for the antimicrobial therapy of cholera.
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PMID:Transferable quinolone resistance in Vibrio cholerae. 2118 88

High resistance rates to nalidixic acid (NAL) in Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 strains have been found, and ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistance is also observed. In this study, mutations within the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from NAL-resistant O139 strains were analysed. The predominant mutation profile was S83I in GyrA in combination with S85L in ParC. In addition, the combination substitutions of D87N in GyrA and D420N in ParE in combination with S83I in GyrA and S85L in ParC as well as D87N in GyrA and P439S in ParE in combination with S83I in GyrA and S85L in ParC were found in the CIP-resistant strains. A series of site-directed mutants comprising D87 in GyrA, D420 in ParE and P439 in ParE were constructed from a wild-type V. cholerae O139 strain carrying the common mutations S83I in GyrA and S85L in ParC. Introduction of the mutation D87N in GyrA increased the CIP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mutant strain by nearly 4-fold compared with the initial strain. The second introduction of D420N in ParE further significantly increased the CIP MIC to ca. 23-fold compared with the initial strain. A second introduction of P439S in ParE also increased the CIP MIC by 17-fold. Therefore, it is concluded that the emergence of D87N in GyrA and D420N or P439S in ParE dramatically induces resistance to fluoroquinolones in V. cholerae O139, and the accumulation of multiple mutations in the QRDRs confers significant resistance to fluoroquinolones in V. cholerae.
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PMID:Accumulation of mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance in Vibrio cholerae O139 strains. 2364 92