Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:5.4.2.8 (phosphomannomutase)
 238 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The quantification of gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the field of gene expression analysis. Due to its sensitivity and flexibility it is becoming the method of choice for many investigators. However, good normalization protocols still have to be implemented to facilitate data exchange and comparison. We have designed primers for 10 unrelated genes and developed a simple protocol to detect genes with stable expression that are suitable for use as endogenous reference genes for further use in the normalization of gene expression data obtained by real-time PCR. Using this protocol, we were able to identify human proteosome subunit Y as a reliable endogenous reference gene for human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated for up to 18 h with TNFalpha, IL-4, or IFNgamma and for B cells isolated from healthy controls and patients suffering from IgA nephropathy. Other optional endogenous reference genes that can be considered are phosphomannomutase (PPMM) and actin for endothelial cells and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and PPMM for B cells.
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PMID:Approach for defining endogenous reference genes in gene expression experiments. 1515 90

Leishmaniasis is currently classified as category 1 disease, i.e. emerging and uncontrolled. Since the importance of persistent infection for maintaining an effective long-lasting protective response is controversial, the present study asks whether immunisation with non-persistent parasites leads to protection against Leishmania infection and to the recruitment of T cells of a specific phenotype. Our study shows that vaccination of susceptible BALB/c mice with live Leishmania major phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites, which are avirulent and non-persistent in vivo, leads to protection against infection. Immunisation with phosphomannomutase-deficient parasites neither leads to differences in IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-4 production nor alters the expression of effector and memory markers, including CD62L, IL-7Ralpha and IL-2Ralpha, when compared with unvaccinated controls. Observed protection is due to the ability of vaccinated animals to suppress early IL-10 and IL-13 production and to recruit a higher number of antigen-experienced CD44hiCD4+ and CD44hiCD8+ T cells into draining LN following infection. Thus, expansion of T-cell numbers and their rapid recruitment to LN upon infection as well as the restriction of IL-13 and IL-10 production leading to high IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio play an important role in protection against Leishmania affecting the outcome of the disease in favour of the host.
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PMID:Decreased IL-10 and IL-13 production and increased CD44hi T cell recruitment contribute to Leishmania major immunity induced by non-persistent parasites. 1892 10