Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
 8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The molecular mechanisms involved in the Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] effect on sodium renal excretion remain to be determined. In a previous study, we showed that Ang-(1-7) has a biphasic effect on the proximal tubule Na+-ATPase activity, with the stimulatory effect mediated by the AT1 receptor. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of the Na+-ATPase by Ang-(1-7). All experiments were carried out in the presence of 0.1 nM losartan to block the AT1 receptor-mediated stimulation. In this condition, Ang-(1-7) at 0.1 nM inhibited the Na+-ATPase activity of the proximal tubule by 54%. This effect was reversed by 10 nM PD123319, a specific antagonist of the AT2 receptor, and by 1 muM GDP[beta-S] (guanosine 5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate), an inhibitor of G protein. Ang-(1-7) at 0.1 M induced [35S]GTP[S] (guanosine 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]triphosphate) binding and 1 mug/ml pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of G(i/o) protein, reversed the Ang-(1-7) effect. Furthermore, it was observed that the inhibitory effect of Ang-(1-7) on the Na+-ATPase activity was completely reversed by 0.1 microM LY83583, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and by 2 muM KT5823, a PKG (protein kinase G) inhibitor, and was mimicked by 10 nM d-cGMP (dibutyryl cGMP). Ang-(1-7) increased the PKG activity by 152% and this effect was abolished by 10 nM PD123319 and 0.1 microM LY83583. Taken together, these data indicate that Ang-(1-7) inhibits the proximal tubule Na+-ATPase by interaction with the AT2 receptor that subsequently activates the G(i/o) protein/cGMP/PKG pathway.
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PMID:Involvement of the Gi/o/cGMP/PKG pathway in the AT2-mediated inhibition of outer cortex proximal tubule Na+-ATPase by Ang-(1-7). 1639 Mar 32

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been reported to induce migration in neuronal cell types. Using time-lapse microscopy, we show here that Ang II induces acceleration in NG108-15 cell migration. This effect was antagonized by PD123319, a selective AT2 receptor antagonist, but not by DUP753, a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, and was mimicked by the specific AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112. This Ang II-induced acceleration was not sensitive to the inhibition of previously described signaling pathways of the AT2 receptor, guanylyl cyclase/cyclic GMP or p42/p44 mapk cascades, but was abolished by pertussis toxin treatment and involved PP2A activation. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that Ang II or CGP42112 decreased the amount of filamentous actin at the leading edge of the cells. This decrease was accompanied by a concomitant increase in globular actin levels. Regulation of actin turnover in actin-based motile systems is known to be mainly under the control of the actin depolymerizing factor and cofilin. Basal migration speed decreased by 77.2% in cofilin-1 small interfering RNA-transfected NG108-15 cells, along with suppression of the effect of Ang II. In addition, the Ang II-induced increase in cell velocity was abrogated in serum-free medium as well as by genistein or okadaic acid treatment in a serum-containing medium. Such results indicate that the AT2 receptor increases the migration speed of NG108-15 cells and involves a tyrosine kinase activity, followed by phosphatase activation, which may be of the PP2A type. Therefore, the present study identifies actin depolymerization and cofilin as new targets of AT2 receptor action, in the context of cellular migration.
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PMID:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation increases the rate of NG108-15 cell migration via actin depolymerization. 1832 1

Angiotensin II plays a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The contribution of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy is well established, but the role of AT2 signaling remains controversial. Previously, we have shown that natriuretic peptide receptor/guanylyl cyclase-A (GCA) signaling protects the heart from hypertrophy at least in part by inhibiting AT1-mediated pro-hypertrophic signaling. Here, we investigated the role of AT2 in cardiac hypertrophy observed in mice lacking GCA. Real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting approaches indicated that the cardiac AT2 gene was overexpressed in GCA-deficient mice. Mice lacking AT2 alone did not exhibit an abnormal cardiac phenotype. In contrast, GCA-deficiency-induced increases in heart to body weight ratio, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, and collagen accumulation as evidenced by van Gieson staining were attenuated when AT2 was absent. Furthermore, the up-regulated cardiac expression of hypertrophy-related genes in GCA-null animals was also suppressed. Pharmacological blockade of AT2 with PD123319 similarly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in GCA-deficient mice. In addition, whereas the AT1 antagonist olmesartan attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in GCA-deficient mice, this treatment was without effect on cardiac hypertrophy in GCA/AT2-double null mice, notwithstanding its potent antihypertensive effect in these animals. These results suggest that the interplay of AT2 and AT1 may be important in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Collectively, our findings support the assertion that GCA inhibits AT2-mediated pro-hypertrophic signaling in heart and offer new insights into endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms during disease pathogenesis.
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PMID:Guanylyl cyclase-A inhibits angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated pro-hypertrophic signaling in the heart. 1937 6

The aim of the present study was to investigate the coronary effects of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] in hypertrophic rat hearts. Heart hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aorta CoA (coarctation). Ang-(1-7) and AVE 0991, a non-peptide Mas-receptor agonist, at picomolar concentration, induced a significant vasodilation in hearts from sham-operated rats. These effects were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist A-779. Pre-treatment with L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) or ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinozalin-1-one) [NOS (NO synthase) and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitors respectively] also abolished the effect of Ang-(1-7) in control hearts. The coronary vasodilation produced by Ang-(1-7) and AVE 0991 was completely blunted in hypertrophic hearts. Chronic oral administration of losartan in CoA rats restored the coronary vasodilation effect of Ang-(1-7). This effect was blocked by A-779 and AT2 receptor (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) antagonist PD123319. Acute pre-incubation with losartan also restored the Ang-(1-7)-induced, but not BK (bradykinin)-induced, coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic hearts. This effect was inhibited by A-779, PD123319 and L-NAME. Chronic treatment with losartan did not change the protein expression of Mas and AT2 receptor and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and ACE2 in coronary arteries from CoA rats, but induced a slight increase in AT2 receptor in aorta of these animals. Ang-(1-7)-induced relaxation in aortas from sham-operated rats was absent in aortas from CoA rats. In vitro pre-treatment with losartan restored the Ang-(1-7)-induced relaxation in aortic rings of CoA rats, which was blocked by the Mas antagonist A-779 and L-NAME. These data demonstrate that Mas is strongly involved in coronary vasodilation and that AT1 receptor (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) blockade potentiates the vasodilatory effects of Ang-(1-7) in the coronary beds of pressure-overloaded rat hearts through NO-related AT2- and Mas-receptor-dependent mechanisms. These data suggest the association of Ang-(1-7) and AT1 receptor antagonists as a potential therapeutic avenue for coronary artery diseases.
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PMID:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade restores angiotensin-(1-7)-induced coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic rat hearts. 2371 15


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