Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
 8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chromatography of 105,000 x g supernatants of human and rat platelets on DEAE-cellulose yielded identical elution profiles containing 2 protein fractions (peaks I and II). Only peak II was found to possess guanylate cyclase activity. In the spectrum of the 105,000 x g supernatant of human platelets the absorption maximum was specified at 410 nm (the Soret band) which disappeared from the spectrum of the active protein fraction (peak II) but was detected in the nonactive fraction (peak I). The enzyme preparation was obtained in the heme-deficient form. In the experiments with rat platelets, the Soret band was absent from the corresponding spectra and the enzyme was not activated by sodium nitroprusside; i.e., in soluble guanylate cyclase of rat platelets, unlike the generally accepted notion, the heme is not a prosthetic group of the enzyme. It was shown that carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), a water-soluble antioxidant, inhibits guanylate cyclase activation by sodium nitroprusside. This inhibitory effect is caused by the interaction of carnosine with the guanylate cyclase heme and can be used for evaluating the degree of saturation of the enzyme with the heme. ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets (donors) is accompanied by a fall in the basal guanylate cyclase activity (with Mg2+) and the enhancement of the enzyme stimulation with sodium nitroprusside, protoporphyrin IX, arachidonic acid and L-arginine with simultaneous cGMP elevation in platelets. A hypothetic scheme of the regulatory role of cGMP in platelet aggregation is proposed. In the experiments with the acute myocardial ischemia of rats, 15 min after the surgery a sharp fall in the platelet guanylate cyclase activity accompanied by a decrease in the enzyme activity in the ischemic zone of the left ventricle of heart took place. The results provided evidence of the high sensitivity of platelet guanylate cyclase to pathological changes occurring in the myocardium at the earliest stages of the development of pathology.
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PMID:Soluble guanylate cyclase of platelets: function and regulation in normal and pathological states. 135 37

This study shows that stimulating bone marrow-derived macrophages with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the lipopeptide N-palmitoyl-S-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl)-(R)- cysteinyl-alanyl-glycine (Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly), a synthetic analogue of the N-terminal part of bacterial lipoprotein, leads to the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite (NO2-), a stable analogue of NO. NO was detected by applying the chemiluminescence method and by measuring the activity of exogenously added soluble guanylate cyclase (GC), which is strongly and selectively activated by NO. Synthesis of NO and NO2- occurs via activation of the L-arginine and NADPH-dependent enzyme(s) present in the cytosol of bone marrow-derived macrophages. No produced by this non-constitutive L-arginine pathway is thought to be responsible for the cytostatic and killing properties of macrophages (Stuehr & Nathan, 1989). Macrophages stimulated either with LPS or Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly exhibited a 6-hr lag time before engaging in nitrite synthesis, a time at which expression of the NO-forming enzyme had already reached its maximum. The regulation of NO and NO2- synthesis during macrophage development seems to differ from that of cytokine synthesis. Whereas cytokine release varies during a culture period up to 20 days, NO synthesis and expression of the NO-forming enzyme remain unaltered. These studies show that, similar to LPS, Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly is a potent activator of 'the oxidative L-arginine pathway' in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Whether both stimuli use the same signal transfer mechanism to induce this pathway and whether NO synthesized by this pathway is involved in the activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase in macrophages requires clarification.
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PMID:L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide formation and nitrite release in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopeptide and lipopolysaccharide. 197 43

The paper gives data on the role of heme in the functioning soluble forms of guanylate cyclase (of human platelets, rat heart and platelets), on the mechanism of nitrogen oxide-induced heme-dependent activation of enzymes, on the role of platelet guanylate cyclase in the regulation of human platelet aggregation/disaggregation and on the mechanism of antihypertensive and antiaggregatory action of enzyme activators. The instability of relationships of the protein molecule of human platelet guanylate cyclase and heme (regarded as a prosthetic group of the enzyme) results in heme loss during purification of the enzyme and preparation of a heme-deficient agent having a drastically reduced ability to sodium nitroprusside activation. Soluble rat platelet guanylate cyclase was found to be present in these cell originally in a heme-deficient form, it was not activated by sodium nitroprusside and, unlike the routine concepts, heme is not a moiety of this enzyme molecule. The water soluble antioxidant carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) inhibits sodium nitroprusside activation of guanylate cyclase by interacting with the heme of enzyme of the NO group of nitroprusside and may be useful to reveal the degree of htmt saturation of guanylate cyclase. The study of the mechanism of activation of guanylate cyclase by nitroso complexes of transition metals (Fe, Cr, Co) showed that their realization of antihypertensive effects required only heme-dependent activation of the enzyme. ADF-induced aggregation of human (donor) platelets is followed by stimulation of guanylate cyclase by various activators (despite heme involvement in the mechanism of activation) with concurrent elevations of platelet cGMP levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Soluble forms of guanylate cyclases: mechanism of activation by nitrogen oxide and role in platelet aggregation]. 775 30

The lability of the bond between the protein molecule of human platelet guanylate cyclase and heme (the prosthetic group of the enzyme) has been established. It was shown that soluble rat platelet guanylate cyclase exists in these cells originally in a heme-deficient form. The data obtained suggest that in contrast with the generally accepted view, heme is not the prosthetic group of this enzyme. The water-soluble antioxidant carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) inhibits the guanylate cyclase activation by sodium nitroprusside. This inhibitory effect is caused by carnosine interaction with the guanylate cyclase heme and can be used for evaluating the degree of the heme deficiency of the enzyme. Analysis of the mechanism of guanylate cyclase activation by nitroso complexes of some transient metals (Fe, Co, Cr) differing in the degree of NO oxidation demonstrated that the essential requirement for the realization of the hypotensive effect of these compounds is the activation of guanylate cyclase solely via a heme-dependent mechanism. The ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets (donors) is accompanied by enhanced stimulation of guanylate cyclase by various activators with a simultaneous increase in the intraplatelet cGMP level. This stimulation occurs irrespective of the involvement of the guanylate cyclase heme in the mechanism of enzyme regulation. It is concluded that guanylate cyclase acts via a negative feedback mechanism to control over platelet aggregation and mediates a signal to deaggregation. A hypothetic scheme for the regulatory role of cGMP in platelet aggregation is proposed.
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PMID:[Soluble platelet guanylate cyclase: significance of heme in regulating enzymatic activity and the role of the enzyme in platelet aggregation]. 791 45

The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on vascular reactivity were investigated using isolated canine femoral arteries with and without endothelium. N-N-(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl-L-alanyl-N-(indan-2-yl)glycine (M-1; an active metabolite of delapril, a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor) and captopril (a sulfhydryl ACE inhibitor, 10(-8) to 10(-5) M) relaxed in a dose-dependent manner canine femoral arterial rings precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha in the presence of endothelium only. The endothelium-dependent relaxations by M-1 and captopril were completely blocked by methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase; NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis; and oxyhemoglobin, an inactivator of nitric oxide; they were partially blocked by aspirin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and were enhanced by superoxide dismutase, a radical scavenger. The inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on the relaxations by M-1 and captopril were reversed by a high dose of L-arginine. Moreover, a bradykinin antagonist partially inhibited these relaxations. These results suggest that endothelium-dependent relaxations by M-1 and captopril in canine femoral arteries are mediated through the release of both prostanoids and endothelium-derived nitric oxide via endogenous bradykinin.
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PMID:Endothelium-dependent relaxation by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in canine femoral arteries. 814 60