Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both atherosclerotic lesions and hypoxia alter the contractile properties of the arterial wall and, in particular, may interfere with the relaxation mechanisms dependent or not on the endothelium. The present study was designed to test the effect of severe hypoxia on the contractile behavior of the atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Segments of aortas obtained from control, cholesterol-fed, or Watanabe hereditary hyperlipidemic rabbits were mounted in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. A change of the bath PO2 from "normoxic" conditions (95% O2-5% CO2) to "hypoxic" conditions (95% N2-5% CO2) caused relaxation in the precontracted control aortas (by approximately 85%) but a transient contraction (approximately 20% of the maximal contraction obtained with 30 mM KCl) followed by a relaxation in the precontracted atherosclerotic aortas. Both types of responses were observed in aortas contracted with aggregating platelets, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine, endothelin, and prostaglandin F2 alpha. The hypoxic contractions in atherosclerosis were not dependent on the presence of an intact endothelium. They could not be antagonized by blockers of alpha-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2 receptors, histamine receptors, thromboxane receptors, and muscarinic cholinoreceptors. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, Na+, K(+)-ATPase, and free radical scavengers or an activator of endothelium-derived relaxing factor did not significantly affect the hypoxic contraction; the absence of effect of some inhibitors of protein synthesis seems to rule out the involvement of endothelin, angiotensin II, and bradykinin. The hypoxic contraction was not influenced by omission of Ca2+ from the medium or by inhibition of Ca2+ influx but was prevented by blockade of intracellular Ca2+. The inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (nitro-L-arginine, 100 microM) and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (methylene blue, 10 microM) both enhanced the initial contractile responses to 5-HT to a similar extent as hypoxia and completely prevented the hypoxic contraction in the atherosclerotic tissues. The cyclic nucleotide analogues 8-bromo-cGMP and dibutyryl cAMP also inhibited the hypoxic contraction in the atherosclerotic aorta. The cGMP levels were markedly decreased and the cAMP levels were moderately decreased in the aortas of the cholesterol-fed rabbits as compared with the control aortas. Hypoxia further decreased cGMP but not the cAMP levels in atherosclerotic aortas with and without endothelium. Our data thus demonstrate the occurrence of an unusual vasoconstrictor response in atherosclerotic arteries; this constrictor response depends on the availability of intracellular Ca2+ and seems to be due to the further inhibition of an already impaired cGMP production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypoxia causes an abnormal contractile response in the atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Implication of reduced nitric oxide and cGMP production. 838 23

The short-term effects of elevated glucose on cyclic GMP (cGMP) and eicosanoid production in pig aortic endothelial cell monolayers was determined by incubating cells in 5.5 mM or 44 mM glucose for 6 hours. Bradykinin- or A23187-stimulated cGMP production was significantly reduced in cells incubated in 44 mM glucose compared with 5.5 mM glucose. Stimulation of cGMP levels with exogenously added nitric oxide (NO) was also decreased to a similar extent in cells exposed to 44 mM glucose. These data suggest that NO production stimulated by bradykinin or A23187 was unchanged by elevated glucose. Assayed eicosanoids, including 6-ketoprostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha, PGE2 alpha, and 15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 13E)-eicosatetraenoic acid, stimulated by bradykinin or A23187, were increased in cells exposed to 44 mM glucose. These eicosanoid products formed from exogenously added arachidonic acid did not differ between cells incubated in 5.5 mM or 44 mM glucose. Hyperosmolar concentrations of mannose or sucrose had no effect on cGMP levels but did mimic the effect of elevated glucose on eicosanoid production. These data suggest that hyperglycemia in diabetes may interfere with NO-induced guanylate cyclase activation but not NO production in the endothelium and that increased phospholipase activity, secondary to hyperosmolarity, may account for elevated eicosanoid levels.
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PMID:Effect of elevated glucose on cyclic GMP and eicosanoids produced by porcine aortic endothelium. 838 14

Bradykinin (BK), a known vasodilator in vivo, and arginine vasopressin (AVP), a vasoconstrictor in vivo, both stimulate a rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The present study was undertaken to investigate this apparent paradox. The following three possibilities were examined, namely, 1) signaling events other than [Ca2+]i are different for BK and AVP; 2) BK, but not AVP, stimulates prostaglandins in VSMC, thus resulting in divergent effects on VSMC tone; and 3) AVP and BK exhibit qualitatively similar effects on VSMC signal transduction but divergent effects on VSMC tone are mediated by endothelial events. The results demonstrated that BK stimulated a rise in inositol trisphosphate (IP3), [Ca2+]i, 45Ca2+ efflux, and Ca2+ influx and a biphasic change in intracellular pH when N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered solution was used. The BK-induced VSMC contraction was also comparable to that observed with AVP. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate, enhanced the effect of both BK and AVP on VSMC tone, as assessed by shape change, by a comparable degree. BK, but not AVP, stimulated endothelial cells to release a substance that blocked the contractile response of BK and AVP. Methylene blue, a blocker of cytosolic guanylate cyclase and therefore of the production of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (2nd messenger of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of EDRF, both prevented this endothelium-dependent effect of BK. These results therefore indicate that BK is a constrictor of VSMC, an effect that can be overridden by the hormone's endothelial effect to stimulate the release of a vasodilator(s), which is most likely EDRF.
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PMID:Bradykinin: potential for vascular constriction in the presence of endothelial injury. 844 42

Characterization of the serotonin-induced increase in guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) was investigated and compared with that induced by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in NG108-15 cells. The cyclic GMP formed by serotonin or ANP was transported in a similar manner to the extracellular medium, although the cyclic GMP formed by bradykinin was not. Serotonin and ANP raised cyclic GMP additively. Serotonin-induced cyclic GMP formation was completely inhibited by pretreatment with 100 nM 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), although that induced by ANP was only partially inhibited and the effects were blocked by pretreatment with staurosporin. In membrane preparations, ANP stimulated cyclic GMP formation in the presence of ATP, but serotonin did not. Serotonin-stimulated cyclic GMP formation was found to occur in neuroblastoma N18TG-2, but not in glioma C6Bu-1. These results suggest that a novel subtype of serotonin receptors (5-HTGC) which stimulates membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase, different from that stimulated by natriuretic peptide, may exist especially in neurons.
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PMID:Studies on the activation mechanisms of guanylyl cyclase by serotonin, probably through a novel subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HTGC). 853 98

Endothelial neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11, NEP) contributes to the inactivation of vasoactive and inflammatory peptides such as f-Met-Leu-Phe, substance P, atrial natriuretic peptide, and bradykinin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular regulation of NEP expression in human endothelial cells, focusing on the role of cyclic nucleotides and cellular phosphodiesterases (PDE). Activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) induced an increase of NEP activity and NEP protein after 24 h of incubation. This effect was mimicked by two activators of protein kinase A, dibutyryl-cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP. The nonspecific PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (200 microM), increased NEP activity up to 192%. The activator of guanylate cyclase, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), did not affect NEP activity but completely inhibited the 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-mediated increase of NEP activity. The PDE-III inhibitors motapizone (100 microM) and enoximone (100 microM) enhanced NEP activity up to 188% and 213%, the PDE-IV inhibitor rolipram (3 microM) up to 162%, and the combined PDE-III/IV inhibitor zardaverine (1 microM) up to 176% of control values. The present data provide evidence for a cAMP-mediated increase of NEP activity in human endothelial cells.
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PMID:Activation of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase inhibition enhance neutral endopeptidase activity in human endothelial cells. 854 50

Recent reports suggest that endothelial-dependent relaxant factor, recognized as nitric oxide (NO), reduces myocardial contractility. Here, we showed that both exposures to acetylcholine and bradykinin for 30 min increased cyclic guanylate monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. These increases in cyclic GMP were blunted by NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthase. Hypoxia augmented the cyclic GMP accumulation due to exposures to acetylcholine and bradykinin, which were blunted by L-NAME. The increases in cyclic GMP due to acetylcholine and bradykinin during normoxic and hypoxic conditions were not blunted by aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase. These findings revealed that NO is produced in cardiomyocytes due to stimulation of NO synthase and modulates their own guanylate cyclase, which was augmented by hypoxia. NO production, through NO synthase in cardiomyocytes, may constitute autocrine regulations of myocardial contractility and paracrine regulations of coronary vasodilation and platelet aggregation.
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PMID:Evidence for nitric oxide generation in the cardiomyocytes: its augmentation by hypoxia. 857 31

The aim of the present study was: 1) to determine the effects of the novel selective inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxaline-1-one) on basal and agonist-stimulated cyclic GMP levels in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells and bovine pulmonary artery strips; 2) to determine its effects on agonist-induced relaxations of bovine pulmonary artery strips; and 3) to compare pulmonary artery cyclic GMP levels with vessel relaxation. ODQ (1 nM-30 microM) inhibited cyclic GMP accumulation in endothelial cells stimulated with S-nitrosoglutathione, nitroprusside and 3-morpholine-sydnonimine at IC50 values of 40 to 100 nM. Complete suppression of cyclic GMP generation was observed at approximately 10 microM. Relaxation of pulmonary artery strips induced by S-nitrosoglutathione, nitroprusside, glycerol trinitrate, nitrite (all endothelium-independent), bradykinin and the Ca++ ionophore A23187 (endothelium-dependent) were antagonized by ODQ (1-10 microM) in a concentration-dependent way. A consistent feature of the inhibitor was that maximal relaxant effects also were reduced. Basal levels and agonist-induced increases in arterial tissue cyclic GMP were inhibited in the same concentration range. However, tissue cyclic GMP production correlated poorly with pulmonary artery relaxation in that relaxations induced by S-nitrosoglutathione were only inhibited in part (50%), whereas rises in cyclic GMP were abolished completely by ODQ (10 microM). Furthermore, at 1 microM, ODQ had no effect on relaxation induced by endothelium-dependent agonists, but prevented entirely stimulation of cyclic GMP accumulation in arterial tissue. These results suggest that ODQ inhibits nitrovasodilator-induced and endothelium-dependent relaxation through inhibition of guanylyl cyclase activation, but also point to the presence of a cyclic GMP-independent component of relaxation in bovine pulmonary artery.
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PMID:Novel guanylyl cyclase inhibitor potently inhibits cyclic GMP accumulation in endothelial cells and relaxation of bovine pulmonary artery. 861 57

Methylene blue (MB) is a widely used putative inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent responses, particularly in cell culture and vascular ring studies. MB is postulated to diminish vasodilation to NO either by preventing activation of guanylate cyclase by NO or by oxidizing NO formed by NO synthase. In the present study we examined whether MB inhibited vasodilation to bradykinin (BK) in the cyclooxygenase-inhibited, isolated canine lung lobe perfused with blood at constant flow. One group of lobes (n = 5) was challenged with BK at baseline vascular tone, after tone was doubled by infusion of serotonin (5-HT), and again after MB treatment. Bradykinin challenge failed to evoke a depressor response at baseline vascular tone but induced marked vasodilation after vascular tone was increased by 5-HT. Subsequent treatment with MB, however, failed to significantly diminish vasodilation to BK (p > 0.05). A second group of lobes (n = 4) was challenged with BK after cyclooxygenase inhibition and the doubling of vascular tone with serotonin infusion. The dose-dependent vasodilation to BK was diminished (p < 0.01) after treatment with 1.8 mM N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. However, subsequent treatment with MB restored the vasodilator response to bradykinin to pre-L-NA values (p < 0.01). While our results suggest that vasodilation to bradykinin is mediated in part by NO formation, MB treatment does not appear to alter BK-induced vasodilation, and even enhanced vasodilation to bradykinin after L-NA. MB appears to have some nonspecific effects on vascular tone and reactivity that are unrelated to NO formation.
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PMID:Methylene blue restores vasodilation to bradykinin after inhibition of nitric oxide production in the isolated dog lung. 869 58

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) in cultured canine tracheal epithelium was studied. Tracheal epithelium spontaneously released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is a product of COX. The release of PGE2 was increased by bradykinin and was decreased by two NO synthase inhibitors: NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. That decrease was reversed in the presence of L-arginine. Chrolpromadin, but not aminoguanidine, inhibited PGE2 production, which suggests that constitutive NO synthase is involved. Two stable NO donors, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitroso-N-acetyl DL-penicillamine, also increased the production of PGE2. These effects were abolished by coincubation with hemoglobin, which binds and inactivates NO, but not by methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. NADPH diaphorase histochemistry of cultured tracheal cells revealed activity in the periphery of the cytoplasm. These results suggest that, in cultured canine tracheal epithelium, NO directly interacts with COX to regulate PGE2 production.
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PMID:[Regulation of cyclooxygenase activity in airway epithelium by endogenous nitric oxide]. 874 27

Adenosine produces tone-dependent pulmonary vascular responses; however, the adenosine receptor subtype mediating these responses is unknown. In the present study, the adenosine receptor subtypes mediating tone-dependent responses were investigated, Intralobar injections of adenosine,ATP, and analogues under low-tone conditions caused dose-related increases in lobar arterial pressure; the order of potency was alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-metATP) > N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) > ATP > adenosine. Under low-tone conditions, pressor responses to adenosine, ATP, and CPA, an adenosine A1-receptor agonist, were reduced by KW-3902, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, whereas KW-3902 and meclofenamate had no effect on responses to alpha,beta-metATP, norepinephrine, serotonin, or angiotensin II. Under elevated-tone conditions, injections of adenosine, ATP, and analogues caused dose-related decreases in lobar arterial pressure, and adenosine was 10-fold less potent than 5'-(N-cyclopropyl)-carboxamidoadenosine (CPCA), an A2-receptor agonist, and ATP. KF-17837, an A2-receptor antagonist, reduced vasodilator responses to adenosine and CPCA, whereas responses to ATP, isoproterenol, diethylamine-NO, lemakalim, and bradykinin were not changed. The vasodilator responses to adenosine were not attenuated by Nw-nitro-L-arginine benzyl ester, methylene blue, or U-37883A. These results suggest that vasoconstrictor responses to adenosine are mediated by A1 receptors and the release of vasoconstrictor prostanoids, and that, under elevated-tone conditions, vasodilator responses are mediated by A2 receptors but not the release of nitric oxide or the activation of guanylate cyclase or K+ATP channels.
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PMID:Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors mediate tone-dependent responses in feline pulmonary vascular bed. 876 52


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