Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
 8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is involved in GTN-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The temporal relationship between GTN biotransformation, elevation of cyclic GMP content and vasodilation in rabbit aortic strips (RAS) was determined. Isolated RAS were contracted submaximally with phenylephrine, and then were incubated with 0.62 microM [3H]GTN in a 30-sec time course study. GTN-induced relaxation (inhibition of phenylephrine-induced tone) of RAS was monitored; tissue cyclic GMP content was measured by radioimmunoassay; and GTN, glyceryl-1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN) and glyceryl-1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) concentrations in RAS were measured by thin-layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. There was time-dependent biotransformation of GTN to GDN by the RAS and a time-dependent increase in cyclic GMP content in the RAS. Statistically significant (P less than .05) biotransformation of GTN and elevation of cyclic GMP content in the tissue occurred at 10 sec, whereas the onset of GTN-induced relaxation of RAS occurred at 12 sec. During the tissue biotransformation of GTN, there was preferential formation of 1,2-GDN compared with 1,3-GDN, with 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio of 3.0/1 at 10 sec, 5.3/1 at 20 sec and 5.8/1 at 30 sec. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that GTN is a prodrug, such that biotransformation to an active metabolite is involved in GTN-induced relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The data also indicate that the mechanisms of GTN biotransformation and GTN-induced activation of guanylate cyclase may be related intimately.
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PMID:Mechanism of glyceryl trinitrate-induced vasodilation. I. Relationship between drug biotransformation, tissue cyclic GMP elevation and relaxation of rabbit aorta. 282 71

We reported previously that the flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium sulfate (DPI) irreversibly inhibited the metabolic activation of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in isolated aorta, possibly through inhibition of vascular NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). We report that the content of CPR represents 0.03 to 0.1% of aortic microsomal protein and that DPI caused a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of purified cDNA-expressed rat liver CPR and of aortic and hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Purified CPR incubated with NADPH and GTN under anaerobic, but not aerobic conditions formed the GTN metabolites glyceryl-1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) and glyceryl-1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN). GTN biotransformation by purified CPR and by aortic and hepatic microsomes was inhibited > 90% after treatment with DPI and NADPH. DPI treatment also inhibited the production of activators of guanylyl cyclase formed by hepatic microsomes. We also tested the effect of DPI on the hemodynamic-pharmacokinetic properties of GTN in conscious rats. Pretreatment with DPI (2 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the blood pressure lowering effect of GTN and inhibited the initial appearance of 1,2-GDN (1-5 min) and the clearance of 1,3-GDN. These data suggest that the rapid initial formation of 1,2-GDN is related to mechanism-based GTN biotransformation and to enzyme systems sensitive to DPI inhibition. We conclude that vascular CPR is a site of action for the inhibition by DPI of the metabolic activation of GTN, and that vascular CPR is a novel site of GTN biotransformation that should be considered when investigating the mechanism of GTN action in vascular tissue.
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PMID:Inhibition of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and glyceryl trinitrate biotransformation by diphenyleneiodonium sulfate. 977 50

Vascular relaxation to GTN (nitroglycerin) and other antianginal nitrovasodilators requires bioactivation of the drugs to NO or a related activator of sGC (soluble guanylate cyclase). Conversion of GTN into 1,2-GDN (1,2-glycerol dinitrate) and nitrite by mitochondrial ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2) may be an essential pathway of GTN bioactivation in blood vessels. In the present study, we characterized the profile of GTN biotransformation by purified human liver ALDH2 and rat liver mitochondria, and we used purified sGC as a sensitive detector of GTN bioactivity to examine whether ALDH2-catalysed nitrite formation is linked to sGC activation. In the presence of mitochondria, GTN activated sGC with an EC50 (half-maximally effective concentration) of 3.77+/-0.83 microM. The selective ALDH2 inhibitor, daidzin (0.1 mM), increased the EC50 of GTN to 7.47+/-0.93 microM. Lack of effect of the mitochondrial poisons, rotenone and myxothiazol, suggested that nitrite reduction by components of the respiratory chain is not essential to sGC activation. However, since co-incubation of sGC with purified ALDH2 led to significant stimulation of cGMP formation by GTN that was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM daidzin and NO scavengers, ALDH2 may convert GTN directly into NO or a related species. Studies with rat aortic rings suggested that ALDH2 contributes to GTN bioactivation and showed that maximal relaxation to GTN occurred at cGMP levels that were only 3.4% of the maximal levels obtained with NO. Comparison of sGC activation in the presence of mitochondria with cGMP accumulation in rat aorta revealed a slightly higher potency of GTN to activate sGC in vitro compared with blood vessels. Our results suggest that ALDH2 catalyses the mitochondrial bioactivation of GTN by the formation of a reactive NO-related intermediate that activates sGC. In addition, the previous conflicting notion of the existence of a high-affinity GTN-metabolizing pathway operating in intact blood vessels but not in tissue homogenates is explained.
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PMID:Contribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase to mitochondrial bioactivation of nitroglycerin: evidence for the activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase through direct formation of nitric oxide. 1537 79