Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase)
8,497 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitric oxide (NO) regulates the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla but the molecular targets of its action are not yet well identified. Here we show that the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 200 microM) causes a marked depression of the single Ca(V)1 L-channel activity in cell-attached patches of bovine chromaffin cells. SNP action was complete within 3-5 min of cell superfusion. In multichannel patches the open probability (NP(o)) decreased by approximately 60 % between 0 and +20 mV. Averaged currents over a number of traces were proportionally reduced and showed no drastic changes to their time course. In single-channel patches the open probability (P(o)) at +10 mV decreased by the same amount as that of multichannel patches (approximately 61 %). Such a reduction was mainly associated with an increased probability of null sweeps and a prolongation of mean shut times, while first latency, mean open time and single-channel conductance were not significantly affected. Addition of the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or cell treatment with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ prevented the SNP-induced inhibition. 8-Bromo-cyclicGMP (8-Br-cGMP; 400 microM) mimicked the action of the NO donor and the protein kinase G blocker KT-5823 prevented this effect. The depressive action of SNP was preserved after blocking the cAMP-dependent up-regulatory pathway with the protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Similarly, the inhibitory action of 8-Br-cGMP proceeded regardless of the elevation of cAMP levels, suggesting that cGMP/PKG and cAMP/PKA act independently on L-channel gating. The inhibitory action of 8-Br-cGMP was also independent of the G protein-induced inhibition of L-channels mediated by purinergic and opiodergic autoreceptors. Since Ca(2+) channels contribute critically to both the local production of NO and catecholamine release, the NO/PKG-mediated inhibition of neuroendocrine L-channels described here may represent an important autocrine signalling mechanism for controlling the rate of neurotransmitter release from adrenal glands.
...
PMID:Nitric oxide inhibits neuroendocrine Ca(V)1 L-channel gating via cGMP-dependent protein kinase in cell-attached patches of bovine chromaffin cells. 1204 44

This study tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) production contributes to relaxation induced by 3',5'-cyclic adenylate monophosphate (cAMP)-elevating agents and that high salt diet impairs this mechanism of relaxation. Relaxation response to isoproterenol but not sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, was reduced in the thoracic aorta from rats that were placed on a high salt diet (8% NaCl; 60+/-4%, P<0.001). 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolol [4,3,-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, but not N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM), an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), attenuated the relaxation to isoproterenol (59+/-16%, P<0.01). High salt diet also impaired the relaxation responses to forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, or 8-Bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP). (N-[2-((p-bromocinnamyl)aminoethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride (H-89) (8 microM), an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, did not affect the relaxation produced by isoproterenol. These data suggest that high salt diet impairs relaxation response to isoproterenol by a dual mechanism involving diminished NO/NOS pathway linked to cGMP pathway and diminished cAMP pathway that is independent of protein kinase A.
...
PMID:High salt diet modulates cAMP- and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation responses to isoproterenol in the rat aorta. 1292 69

The dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) is proposed to play a role in the elaboration of defensive behaviors. Nitric oxide (NO) donors, injected into this region, induce flight reactions. The reactions have also been observed after electrical or chemical stimulation of the inferior colliculus (IC). The enzyme responsible for NO formation, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), is expressed in the IC. The aims of this study were to investigate if NO donors injected into the IC would also cause aversive reactions and if these reactions would involve activation of NMDA receptors. The results showed that 3-morpholinosylnomine hydrochloride (SIN-1; 300 nmol), an NO donor, injected into the central nucleus but not into the dorsal cortex of the IC (CIC and DCIC, respectively) of male Wistar rats induced flight reactions characterized by galloping and jumps. Pretreatment (10 min) with methylene blue (MB; 100 or 200 nmol), a guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitor, partially inhibited this flight reaction, decreasing the number of jumps. 8-Bromo-cGMP (8-Br-GMP), a membrane-permeable cGMP analogue, increased the number of contralateral turnings. Pretreatment (10 min) with the NMDA receptor antagonist amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7; 2 nmol) completely prevented the effects of SIN-1. It is concluded that NO may induce aversive reactions in the CIC and that these reactions depend on NMDA receptor activation. They may also partially involve facilitation of GC activity.
...
PMID:Flight reactions to nitric oxide in the inferior colliculus of rats depend on NMDA receptor activation. 1367 15

1. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that activate the periodic spontaneous inward currents (pacemaker currents) responsible for the production of slow waves in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The effects of noradrenaline on the pacemaker currents in cultured ICCs from murine small intestine were investigated by using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques at 30 degrees C. 2. Under current clamping, ICCs had a mean resting membrane potential of -58+/-5 mV and produced electrical slow waves. Under voltage clamping, ICCs produced pacemaker currents with a mean amplitude of -410+/-57 pA and a mean frequency of 16+/-2 cycles min(-1). 3. Under voltage clamping, noradrenaline inhibited the amplitude and frequency of pacemaker currents and increased resting currents in the outward direction in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were reduced by intracellular GDP beta S. 4. Noradrenaline-induced effects were blocked by propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist). However, neither prazosin (alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist) nor yohimbine (alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) blocked the noradrenaline-induced effects. Phenylephrine (alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist) had no effect on the pacemaker currents, whereas isoprenaline (beta-adrenoceptor agonist) mimicked the effect of noradrenaline. Atenolol (beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist) blocked the noradrenaline-induced effects, but butoxamine (beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) did not. In addition, BRL37344 (beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist) had no effect on pacemaker currents. 5. 9-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purine-6-amine (SQ-22536; adenylate cyclase inhibitor) and a myristoylated protein kinase A inhibitor did not inhibit the noradrenaline-induced effects and 8-bromo-cAMP had no effects on pacemaker currents. 8-Bromo-cGMP and SNAP inhibited pacemaker currents and these effects of SNAP were blocked by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; a guanylate cyclase inhibitor). However, ODQ did not block the noradrenaline-induced effects. 6. Neither tetraethylammonium (a voltage-dependent K(+) channel blocker), apamin (a Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel blocker) nor glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blocker) blocked the noradrenaline-induced effects. 7. The results suggest that noradrenaline-induced stimulation of beta(1)-adrenoceptors in the ICCs inhibits pacemaker currents, and that this is mediated by the activation of G-protein. Neither adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase nor a K(+) channel-dependent pathway are involved in this effect of noradrenaline.
...
PMID:Noradrenaline inhibits pacemaker currents through stimulation of beta 1-adrenoceptors in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal from murine small intestine. 1474 2

Perfluoroalkyl halides (PFHs) are synthetic products widely used in various fields. Perfluorooctyl bromide (PFB) is used in medicine as a component of blood substitutes and for artificial lung ventilation. In both cases, it is considered a completely inert compound acting as a solvent for oxygen. However, there are many reports of PFH-induced intoxication, including lethal cases. Mechanisms underlying toxic effects of this compound remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the reduced form of cobalamin (vitamin B12) typical for B12-dependent enzymes can catalyze the reactions of perfluoroalkylation, aromatic substitution, or addition by double bonds. Synthesis of perfluoro derivatives from PFHs during catalysis by cob(I)alamin-like super nucleophiles is a new possible mechanism responsible for in vivo formation of highly toxic compounds from "chemically inert" substances widely used in medicine. Catalytic perfluoroalkylation might possibly contribute to nitric oxide depletion and modulation of activity of guanylate cyclase, cytochromes, NO-synthases, and other heme-containing proteins.
...
PMID:Mechanism of perfluoroalkyl halide toxicity: catalysis of perfluoroalkylation by reduced forms of cobalamin (vitamin B12). 1475 34

We have demonstrated previously that a natural iridoid compound, genipin, induced neuritogenesis through activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in PC12h cells. In this paper, we investigated whether cyclic GMP (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) are involved in the neuritogenesis as a result of NOS activation. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between cGMP and MAPK activation in the signaling pathway. The genipin-induced neuritogenesis accompanied by induction of neurofilament was significantly inhibited by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and KT5823, inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase and PKG, respectively. Genipin-induced MAPK phosphorylation was also abolished by ODQ. These inhibitory effects of ODQ were similar to those observed for nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth and MAPK phosphorylation. The membrane-permeable cGMP analog, 8-Bromo-cGMP, had prominent neuritogenic activity, which was completely inhibited by a MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD98059. These results suggest that the soluble guanylate cyclase-PKG signaling pathway is important for MAPK activation by genipin as well as NGF during neuritogenesis in PC12h cells.
...
PMID:Cyclic GMP-dependent neurite outgrowth by genipin and nerve growth factor in PC12h cells. 1504 33

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the 5-cyclopropyl-2-[1-(2-fluoro-benzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]-pyrimidin-4-ylamine (BAY 41-2272) on formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP; 10(-7)M)-induced human eosinophil chemotaxis, cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Human eosinophils were pretreated or not with 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine (IBMX; 500microM), and then exposed to BAY 41-2272 (0.1-10.0microM) for either short (10min) or prolonged (90min) time periods. Exposition of eosinophils with BAY 41-2272 for either 10min or 90min markedly inhibited the eosinophil chemotaxis, independently of IBMX pretreatment. Inhibition of fMLP-induced eosinophil chemotaxis by BAY 41-2272 (in absence of prior treatment with IBMX) was about of the same irrespective if cells were exposed for 10min or 90min with this compound. In IBMX-pretreated eosinophils, the inhibition of fMLP-induced chemotaxis by BAY 41-2272 in the 10-min exposure protocols was even higher in comparison with the 90-min protocols. Incubation of IBMX-treated eosinophils for 90min with BAY 41-2272 resulted in 2.0-2.5 times higher levels of cGMP and cAMP compared with the 10-min protocols. The BAY 41-2272-induced cGMP increases were abolished by pre-incubation of eosinophils with the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]-oxidiazolo[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). No eosinophil toxicity was observed in any experimental condition, according to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Our findings show that inhibitory effects of fMLP-induced human eosinophil chemotaxis by BAY 41-2272 at short-term or prolonged exposition time are accompanied by significant elevations of cGMP and cAMP, but we could not detect a clear correlation between chemotaxis inhibition and elevation of cyclic nucleotide levels.
...
PMID:Inhibitory effects on human eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro by BAY 41-2272, an activator of nitric oxide-independent site of soluble guanylate cyclase. 1574 99

The C-type natriuretic (CNP) peptide signals through the type B natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-B) in vascular smooth muscle cells to activate the particulate guanylyl cyclase activity intrinsic to that receptor and raise cellular cyclic GMP levels. In the present study, we demonstrate that CNP down-regulates the expression of this receptor leading to a reduction in NPR-B activity. Pretreatment of rat aortic smooth muscle cells with CNP reduces NPR-B activity, NPR-B protein levels, NPR2 (NPR-B gene) mRNA levels, and NPR2 promoter activity. The decrease in NPR2 promoter activity is dependent on DNA sequence present between -441 and -134 relative to the transcription start site. The reduction in NPR2 gene expression appears to operate through generation of cyclic GMP. 8-Bromo cyclic GMP, a membrane-permeable cyclic GMP analog, reduced NPR2 mRNA levels and NPR2 promoter activity. Atrial natriuretic peptide, which signals through the type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A) to increase cyclic GMP levels in these cells, also reduced NPR-B mRNA levels and inhibited NPR-B promoter activity; however, this inhibition was not additive with that produced by CNP, implying that the two ligands traffic over a common signal transduction pathway. This report provides the first documentation that CNP is capable of autoregulating the expression of its cognate receptor.
...
PMID:C-type natriuretic Peptide down-regulates expression of its cognate receptor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. 1610 86

In the literature, the pro- or antinociceptive effects of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are discussed controversially. Our laboratory and others have reported that in the spinal cord a local lack of NO has an excitatory action on the ongoing (background) activity of dorsal horn neurones. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this effect of NO is mediated by cGMP and that part of the controversy is due to differences in the spinal and supraspinal actions of both compounds. In anaesthetised rats, impulse activity of lumbar dorsal horn neurones was recorded, and blockers of NO- and cGMP-synthesis, as well as the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil (which increases the cGMP level), or 8-Bromo-cGMP (a membrane permeable cGMP analogue) were administered spinally or supraspinally. Topical superfusion of the spinal cord with a blocker of the guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) to reduce the cGMP level led to an increase in background activity of nociceptive lumbar dorsal horn neurones similar to that caused by l-NAME, a blocker of the NO synthase. Spinal superfusion with sildenafil or 8-Bromo-cGMP had no excitatory effect. In contrast, injections of sildenafil or 8-Bromo-cGMP into the third cerebral ventricle caused an increased background activity in lumbar dorsal horn neurones, while l-NAME and ODQ were ineffective. The results show that at the spinal level, a lack of cGMP and NO has an excitatory action on dorsal horn neurones, whereas supraspinally an elevated level of cGMP is excitatory.
...
PMID:The possible role of the NO-cGMP pathway in nociception: different spinal and supraspinal action of enzyme blockers on rat dorsal horn neurones. 1615 78

Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation with the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces expression of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE1B2. However, what role PDE1B2 plays in macrophage biology has not been elucidated. We have addressed this question by inhibiting PDE1B2 induction by using RNA interference. Using a retrovirus-based system, we created HL-60 stable cell lines that express a short-hairpin RNA targeting PDE1B2. HL-60 cells treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate differentiate to a macrophage-like phenotype and up-regulate PDE1B2. However, expression of PDE1B2 short hairpin RNA effectively suppresses PDE1B2 mRNA, protein, and activity up-regulation. Using the HL-60 PDE1B2 knockdown cells and agonists for either adenylyl or guanylyl cyclase, it was found that PDE1B2 predominantly regulates cGMP and plays a lesser role in cAMP regulation in response to cyclase agonists. Furthermore, in intact HL-60 cells, PDE1B2 activity can be regulated by changes in Ca+2 levels. Inhibiting PDE1B2 up-regulation does not prevent HL-60 cell differentiation, because several markers of macrophage differentiation are unaffected. However, suppression of PDE1B2 expression alters some aspects of the macrophage-like phenotype, because cell spreading, phagocytic ability, and CD11b expression are augmented. The cAMP analog 8-Bromo-cAMP reverses the changes caused by PDE1B2 knockdown. Also, PDE1B2 knockdown cells have lower basal levels of cAMP and alterations in the phosphorylation state of several probable PKA substrate proteins. Thus, the effects of PDE1B2 on differentiation may ultimately be mediated through decreased cAMP. In conclusion, PDE1B2 regulates a subset of phenotypic changes that occur upon phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced differentiation and likely also plays a role in differentiated macrophages by regulating agonist-stimulated cGMP levels.
...
PMID:PDE1B2 regulates cGMP and a subset of the phenotypic characteristics acquired upon macrophage differentiation from a monocyte. 1640 68


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>

---